republic at the consecration of the temple of Saturn; see 2. 21. 2 ; now reformed at the direction of the Sibylline books, and enlarged to include a convivium and lectisternium. Afterward, owing to the change in the calendar by Caesar, it was extended to three days. - clamata : for the construction, see on 21. 62. 2. — diem: December 19th.

2. 1. placandis: customary before departure from the city; see ch. 8; 27. 11. 1; 33. 26. 6. - Romae : placed between placandis and dis, because a wider application is given to habendo dilectu. - dilectu: dative as with operari in 21. 62. 6. Each consul raised the customary two legions, perhaps strengthened from 4000 to 5000 men, besides a contingent of allies of at least equal strength. Servilius had the remnants of the army of Scipio, and Flaminius those of the army of Sempronius. The raising of the two consular armies to four legions each was apparently not considered necessary, even though Appian, Hann. 8, says the Romans had thirteen legions. He includes those on the Po, and reckons the legions of 218 which existed scarcely but in name; see Momms. Hist. Vol. II. bk. iii. ch. v. and Ihne, Hist. Vol. II. bk. iv. ch. viii. — dat operam: this order appears to be the common one when the words mean "to take pains"; see 2. 44. 4; 21. 45. 6; but operam dare, when they mean "to be occupied in "; see 3. 34. 1; 23. 35. 17. F.

2. aliud longius: two roads led from Gallia Cisalpina, one by Ariminum, a strong Roman fortress; the other from Faventia to Faesulae. This was doubtless the aliud longius of the text, but Hannibal, to surprise the Romans, did what they least expected (see 21. 31. 9), and took another route not definitely known to us. -fluvius Arnus: for the order, see on 21. 2. 7. — solito magis: as in 25. 7. 8, but in reverse order in ch. 14. 2; for the ablative, see A. & G. 247, b.; G. 399, Rem. 1; H. 417, n. 5. — inundaverat, overflowed its banks; elsewhere transitive; see 24. 9. 6. Polybius does not mention the overflow of the Arno; and though one might think he was speaking of the swamps along the southern tributaries of the Po, a view maintained by Strabo (5. 1. 11), yet he clearly implies that Hannibal did not find firm ground till he reached the neighborhood of the Roman camps.

3. et omne, etc.: Polybius, 3. 79. 1, says, "He placed the Lybians and Iberians and all his best soldiers in the van," in general the

troops brought from Spain, perhaps mercenaries (Ligurians and Baliares; see 21. 22. 2 and 3), in opposition to the newly enrolled Gauls. ipsorum, their own; Polybius implies that all the baggage train was there; 3. 79. 2. necubi: lest . . . anywhere; the word is compounded of ne and cubi, the original form of ubi, and the indefinite portion cubi modifies consistere coactis. —usus: provisions, hardly tents; cf. nec usibus, 24. 1. 2. — medium: for the construction, see on 21. 31. 2.

4. Magonem: according to Polybius, Mago commanded the third column, which was composed of cavalry. Livy's expressions, primos, medium, novissimos, inde, cogere, are hardly consistent. Note the chiasmus primos ire, sequi Gallos, and in general the involved character of the sentence. ut often introduces a well-known fact to explain a statement. mollis the same weakness is ascribed to the Gauls in 21. 16. 4; 25. 6. — dilaberentur: used especially of soldiers breaking ranks without orders; see on 21. 32. 10.

5. modo: restrictive, provided only, or supposing that. - praealtas joined with rupes, mons, ripa as well as with flumen, alveus, vorago. — profundas: preferably used of seas, swamps, and the like, is here used for nearer definition and emphasis. — limo: the swamps had a solid bottom under the mud.

6. prolapsi, having slipped; Livy seems to say that the ground became more slippery by the march of the advance guard, while Polybius says that the mud became deeper. — alii . . . alii: distribute the subject of sustinebant and correspond to the preceding aut. . . aut.

7. et ipsa: cf. ch. 1. 18; because iacentia and procubuissent correspond in meaning. — conficiebant: the object is to be supplied from the connection.

8. aquis: like the English plural "waters," suggested by omnia. The singular aqua is used three times in the following clauses because unda, fluctus, etc., cannot be used of swamps.-in sicco : the substantival use of the adjective, singular and plural, governed by a preposition is characteristic of Livy; cf. ch. 3. 1; 4. 3; 47. 8 ; 21. 22. 9; 42. 1; 60. 4. — insuper incumbebant: superincumbere is avoided in classical prose; see on ch. 51. 9; 21. 1. 5.

9. passim: belongs to acervi, as itinere toto to prostratorum.

10. unus: one of the original thirty-seven; see on 21. 56. 6; 58. 11. Note the attraction of the numeral into the relative clause; so in sicco, ch. 3. 1. A. & G. 200, d.; G. 618; H. 445, 9. — quo = ut eo, that the, is used in final clauses that contain a comparative. A. & G. 317, n. b. ; G. 545, 2; H. 497, II. 2.

11. caelo, air. - gravante caput: because diseases of the eyes are often accompanied by severe headaches. Note the use of the abl. abs. and a causal clause; cf. the use of freti in 21. 5. 12. — capitur: so Polybius, 3. 79, and others; see Tac. Hist. 4. 13; Juv. 10. 158. Nepos, Hann. 4, merely says that one eye was seriously weakened. For capi, see on 21. 58. 5.

3-7. 5. Battle of Lake Trasumennus, mainly from Polybius, 3. 80-85, with some rhetorical additions from Coelius Antipater in ch. 3. 11-14; 6. 1-4, 11, 12; 7. 1.

3. 1. de paludibus: instead of the more common ex or simple ablative of separation; cf. 23. 23. 8. de manibus is oftener joined with emittere, extorquere, and the like; see on 21. 48. 6. —ubi . . . potuit: in the neighborhood of Faesulae; for the construction, see on 21. 5. 10. — certum . . . habuit: for the form, see on 21. 43. 16; pro certo, 23. 17. 10; usually followed by the accusative and infinitive; cf. quicquam certum adfirmare, ch. 36. 1.

2. consilia, policy; the plural indicates the various plans and views that formed Flaminius' system of strategy and military operations; cf. 42. 29. 4, belli pacisque consilia.—regionum: commonly locorum, as in ch. 38. 9. — copias: sources of supply.— in rem, advantageous or to his purpose.

This

3. Italiae limits primis. The neighborhood of Florence was surpassed in fertility only by Campania.-inter: inexact, as the most fertile part of Etruria did not lie between these towns. anastrophe is not common before Tacitus except after relatives. 4. ab consulatu: both temporal and causal. After non modo, sc. non, A. & G. 149, e.; G. 484, R. 1; H. 552, 2. — civilibus: for Flaminius' career, see on 21. 63. 1.

5. deos: the description of Flaminius as a despiser of the gods and the account of prodigies (§ 11) come from Roman sources.

6. Faesulas: a geographical mistake of Livy's, who seems to have thought that Faesulae was in the southern part of Etruria. Flaminius at Arretium could not tell whether Hannibal's march

southward was directed toward Rome by the Via Cassia, or toward Perusia to intercept Servilius. The position of the two Roman armies was that which had been successful in the Gallic war, 225 B.C., when the consul who was not attacked came to the assistance of his colleague, and thus placed the enemy between two fires.

7. Flaminius . . . sunt: the long period is carried on by tum vero, ratus, suadentibus, and iratus. — quieturus: it is generally considered, even by Polybius, 3. 82, that Flaminius wished a battle at all hazards, but at the outset (see inritare, § 5) he remained quietly in his camp, and left it only when Hannibal had passed him. Perhaps the Greek expression of an author (Fabius Pictor?) by which σvváπtei (“to keep near," "to press on the heels of an enemy ") was applied to Flaminius was misunderstood as equalling μáxeodai, or his political opponents ascribed false motives to him. for the emphasis, see on 21. 4. 7.

suum:

66 some

8. omnibus: rhetorical exaggeration; Polybius says, thinking. - exspectandum: on military grounds their advice was unjustifiable, for though Flaminius was safe in his intrenched camp, his colleague was exposed to defeat.

9. signum: the signal for march or assault was given by a trumpet; see ch. 30. 1; 21. 59. 4; for battle by a red flag, see ch. 45. 5.

10. sedeamus: the simple verb, in distinction from obsidere, gives, like adsidere in 21. 25.6; 53. 6, the idea of inactivity; cf. ch. 24. 10; 56. 3.- patria et penates: a common alliteration. —ab Veiis Camillus was at Ardea when appointed dictator, but he advanced with his army from Veii; see 5. 46. 7.—acciverint: future perfect.

-

11. ocius: means the quicker, the better; often in place of the unused positive without the idea of comparison as in 10. 40. 6.equus: according to Plutarch, Fabius 3, and to Coelius in Cic. De Div. 1. 35. 77, this scene took place on Flaminius' departure from Rome, near the statue of Jupiter Stator. — caput: of the horse.

12. circa for this use, see on 21. 7. 5; 19. 4.-velut: expresses the subjective view of the bystanders, not a doubt on the part of Livy.

13. effodiant: ut is omitted, as generally after nuntia, etc.; cf. ch.