160 10 quae, i.e. the mere ability to speak. — illa (obj. of haurian), i.e. the moral character resulting from the praecepta mentioned below. 160 12 (SECT. 14.) multorum, i.e. great minds whose thoughts have found expression in literature. - multis litteris, wide reading.

160 13 nihil esse, etc., these doctrines had been the commonplaces of philosophy and letters for hundreds of years before Cicero wrote, and to the cultivated Roman they took the place which with us belongs to the ethical teachings of sacred literature.

160 16 parvi, of slight account: § 417 (252, a); B. 169, 4; G. 379, 380, 1; H. 448 (404); H.-B. 356, 1.

160 19 exemplorum, i.e. examples of heroism and virtue recorded in literature. The moral education of the ancients consisted largely in the study of the lives of eminent men of past ages.

160 21 accederet, were thrown upon them.

160 27 (SECT. 15.) Observe the attitude of the Romans toward literature, which they valued as a source of ethical and political cultivation, and not, like the Greeks, for its own sake or as a means of affording æsthetic pleasure.

161 9 (SECT. 16.) ex hoc, etc.: Cicero enumerates the most distinguished patrons of the newly introduced Greek culture. Cato is separated from the rest because he was in theory opposed to this tendency on account of its imagined ill effects; hence the rather apologetic tone in which Cicero speaks of him.

161 10 Africanum: Scipio the younger (Æmilianus). — Laelium: the younger Lælius (surnamed Sapiens), whose friendship with Scipio Æmilianus forms the groundwork of Cicero's famous treatise De Amicitia. -Furium: L. Furius Philus (cos. B.C. 136), a patron of literature. These three men belonged to the so-called Scipionic Circle, which was especially influential in the introduction of Greek culture.

161 12 Catonem: M. Porcius Cato, called the Censor, was one of the leading men of Rome in the first half of the second century B.C.: a shrewd, hard-headed Roman of the old school, full of prejudices, and priding himself on his blunt manners. He was a distinguished antiquarian, and wrote books on antiquities and agriculture.

161 13 senem: he gives the name to Cicero's dialogue on Old Age (Cato Major).

161 15-23 quod si, etc.: even if literature, Cicero argues, had no great practical or ethical value (as it has), it would still be worthy of respect as a means of mental refreshment and diversion. The passage is a very famous tribute to liberal studies.

161 18 ceterae, sc. animi adversiones (from l. 17). 161 21 adversis [rebus], dat. with praebent.

Sects. 17-24. Great artists are themselves worthy of admiration. The poet is especially sacred: he is the herald of fame. Alexander at the tomb of Achilles.

161 25 (SECT. 17.) deberemus: § 517, c, N.1 (308, c, N.1); B. 304, 3, a, N.; G. 597, R.3, b; cf. H. 583 (511, 1, N.3); H.-B. 582, 3, a.

161 26 videremus: subj. because an integral part of the cont. to fact apodosis.

161 27 Rosci: Q. Roscius, the most eminent actor of his time, defended by Cicero in a speech which is still extant.

161 30 corporis: observe the emphatic position as opposed to animorum (1. 31). In the ancient drama the action was much more important as compared with the delivery and facial expression than is the case on the modern stage.

162 2 (SECT. 18.) novo genere: such praise of letters was, of course, an innovation on the formal proceedings of a Roman court. quotiens, etc. given as a remarkable instance of the poetical improvisation illustrating the celeritas mentioned on p. 161, l. 31.

162 5 revocatum [hunc], subject of dicere. The encore was a common Roman practice, as with us.

162 10 sic, this (referring to the indir. disc. that follows).

162 14 Ennius: the father of Latin poetry. He was born at Rudiæ in Magna Græcia (B.C. 239), but wrote in Latin. His principal work was the Annales, an epic poem upon Roman history, lost except for a few fragments.

162 19 (SECT. 19.) bestiae, etc. : alluding to the myths of Orpheus and Arion (see Ovid, Met. x. 3, Fasti, ii. 83-118; Virg., Ecl. viii. 56). 162 21 Homerum, etc.: the names of the cities which thus claimed Homer are given in the following hexameter verse:

Smyrna, Chios, Colophon, Salamis, Rhodes, Argos, Athenae.

162 27 olim, almost equiv. to an adj.: cf. § 321, d (188, e); G. 439, N.4; H. 497, 5 (359, N.4); H.-B. 295, c.

162 29 Cimbricas res: the war with the Cimbri and Teutones, who invaded Italy and were at length defeated by Marius (the Teutones, B.C. 102; the Cimbri, 101).

162 30 durior: Marius was a rude and illiterate soldier. The illustration (p. 163) shows what seems to be the most trustworthy portrait of

Marius (from the impression of a coin, now lost); various busts have been identified with him, but without any probable evidence.

163 3 (SECT. 20.) Themistoclem: the great Athenian statesman and general, who won the battle of Salamis in the second Persian

invasion (B.C. 480), and afterwards, by his skilful policy, raised Athens to its greatest height of power.

163 8 (SECT. 21.) For the statements in this section, see Pompey's Military Command.

163 14 natura et regione: hendiadys.

163 17 ejusdem, i.e. Lucullus.

163 19 nostra, as ours (predicate), agreeing with pugna.

Cicero

means that these exploits, since they have been immortalized by Archias, will always remain the glory of the Roman people.

164 3 quae, these things (just mentioned); quorum limits ingeniis and refers to eis.

164 4 (SECT. 22.) Africano superiori: the conqueror of Hannibal. 164 5 in sepulcro Scipionum: this tomb on the Appian Way has been discovered, and in it a bust of peperino (not marble), which has by some been supposed to be that here referred to. It now stands upon the sarcophagus of Scipio in the Vatican museum (Fig. 42).

1648 hujus: M. Porcius Cato, later called Uticensis, from his killing himself at Utica after Cæsar's victory. Cato the Censor was his

great-grandfather.

FIG. 43

164 10 Maximi, etc.: Q. Fabius Maximus, "the shield of Rome," in the Second Punic War; M. Marcellus, "the sword of Rome" (see note on p. 48, 1. 5); Q. Fulvius Flaccus, a distinguished officer in the

(see note on p. 157, l. 11), as being

an important city, is here contrasted

VICKIE

COIN OF CATO UTICENSIS

with the insignificant Rudiæ. civitatibus: § 375 (232, a); G. 354;

H. 431, 2 (388, 1); H.-B. 373, 2.

164 18 (SECT. 23.) Graeca leguntur, Greek is read.

Greek was, in

the ancient world, almost the universal language of polite society; cf. the use of French in modern times.

164 21 quo (whither) relates to eodem (thither). — cupere governs the clause quo . . . penetrare.

165 1 populis, dat. after ampla, a noble thing for them.

165 2 eis, i.e. the individuals by whom these exploits are performed as contrasted with their peoples as a whole.

165 10 (SECT. 24.) Magnus, i.e. Pompey.

Sects. 25-30. Many would have been glad to give Archias the citizenship if he had not already possessed it. All men thirst for glory, which he can confer. Literature is the most enduring of monuments.

165 17 (SECT. 25.) esset: § 517, a (308, a); B. 304, 2; G. 597, R.1; H. 579, I (510, N.2); H.-B. 581.- civitate donaretur: § 364 (225, d); B. 187, i, a; G. 348; H. 426, 6 (384, ii, 2); H.-B. 365, b.

165 18 donaret, sc. civitate.

165 19 repudiasset: the protasis is implied in petentem. subject of jubere, below.

quem,

165 20 de populo, of the people, i.e. of low birth. — quod . . . fecisset, which he had made as an epigram (poetical address) to him; for gender, see § 296, a (195, d); B. 250, 3; cf. G. 211, R.5; H. 396, 2 (445, 4); H.-B. 326, 1.

165 21 tantummodo . . . longiusculis, merely with the alternate verses a little longer, i.e. it was written in some metre in which (as in

elegiac verse) long and short lines alternated; tantummodo implies that this was its only merit.

165 22 eis rebus, i.e. confiscated goods. Apparently a commander could take out from the booty anything he desired to bestow upon a soldier as a reward; and here the confiscated goods are treated in the

same manner.

165 30 (SECT. 26.) pingue atque peregrinum, cognate accusatives: § 390, a (240, a); B. 176, 2, b, N.; G. 333, 2, N.o; H. 409 and 1 (371, ii); H.-B. 396, 2.

166 2 prae nobis ferendum, a thing to be proud of.

166 3 optimus quisque: § 313, 6 (93,c); B. 252, 5, c; G. 318, 2; H. 515, 2 (458, 1); H.-B. 278, 2, b.

166 5 in eo ipso, in the very act.

166 6 praedicari: impersonal.

1667 (SECT. 27.) Brutus: D. Junius Brutus (cos. B.C. 138) conquered the Lusitanians (of Portugal).

166 8 Acci: L. Accius (less properly Attius), a tragic poet (born B.C. 170); distinguished for vigor and sublimity; he lived long enough for Cicero in his youth to converse with him.

166 10 Fulvius: M. Fulvius Nobilior (cos. B.C. 189) subdued Ætolia. He was distinguished as a friend of Greek literature, and built, from the spoils of war, a temple to Hercules and the Muses.

166 12 prope armati, having scarce laid aside their arms.

166 14 togati: see note on p. 125, l. 17.

166 18 (SECT. 28.) quas res, i.e. the suppression of Catiline's conspiracy.

166 23 adornavi, I supplied him with materials (i.e. facts).

166 25 quid est quod, etc.: § 531, 2 (317, 2); B. 282, 2; G. 631, 2; H. 590 (497, i); H.-B. 513, 2.

I;

166 30 (SECT. 29.) nec tantis, etc.: here the apod. begins.

167 5 (SECT. 30.) parvi animi, mean-spirited: § 345 (215); B. 203, G. 365; H. 440, 3 (396, v); H.-B. 355.

1679 imagines, busts. Whoever held any curule office (dictator, consul, interrex, prætor, curule ædile) thereby secured to his posterity the jus imaginum, i.e. the right to place in their halls and carry in funeral processions a wax mask of him as well as of any other deceased members of the family of curule rank. Since this right was a distin guishing mark of the Roman nobility, it was naturally highly prized.