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PARSING.

253. Personal pronouns are parsed nearly like the substantives for which they stand (182). Thus, "I love"-I is a pronoun of the first person, masculine or feminine, in

the nominative singular.

As an additional exercise, reason may

be assigned for each statement, thus:

I is a pronoun, because it stands for a noun or name. personal,—its form determines its person.

first person,-it represents the speaker.

Masculine, or Feminine,-it denotes male or female.
Nominative,-subject of love.

Singular, it denotes but one.

254. PRELIMINARY ORAL EXERCISE.

What is a pronoun? What is a personal pronoun? In the sentence, "John is in the garden; he says it is full of trees," for what noun, or name, does the word he stand? Then what part of speech is he? Why? For what noun does the word u stand'-then what part of speech is it? Why? What other words stand instead of nouns? (Write a list of them on the blackboard.)

Write sentences, each containing one of these pronouns, and tell for what noun it stands.

Select the personal pronouns from sentences in any reading-lesson, or book, and say for what nouns they stand.

EXERCISES.

1. Parse the following list, as directed (253).—I, thou, we, me, us, thine, he, him, she, hers, they, thee, them, its, theirs, you, her, ours, yours, mine, his, it ;-myself, ourselves, yourself, himself, themselves.

2. Select the personal pronouns in the following sentences, and parse them; if of the first or second person, state what they designate; if of the third, state the nouns for which they stand.

James says he is older than I; but I am taller than he. That book is mine; take it and read it. Let them do it themselves. When you learn the lesson, come to me, and I will hear you say it.. They will go when we return. Thou art the man. Your knife is sharper than mine; lend it to me, if you please, till I mend my pen.

3. Write sentences, each of which shall contain a pronoun in the nominative -in the possessive case-in the objective case.

4. Change the following sentences, so that it shall be omitted, and the subject or thing spoken of sna. stand first (246-4).

It is pleasant to see the sun.

It is criminal to deceive, It is manifest that you have been deceived. It is said that the cholera has appeared in England. It is easy to talk.

5 Write sentences of this kind both ways.

II. RELATIVE PRONOUNS.

255. A Relative Pronoun is one that relates to, and connects its clause with, a noun or pronoun before it called the antecedent; as, "The master who taught us."

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256. The antecedent of a relative may be a noun, a pronoun, an infinitive mood, a clause of a sentence, or any fact or thing implied in it; as, “A king who is just, makes his people happy;" "He that is wise, is wise for himself;" He who reads all will not be able to think, without which it is impertinent to read; nor to act, without which it is impertinent to think ;" We are bound to obey the Divine law, which we can not do without Divine aid;""The man was said to be innocent, which he was not."

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257. Relative pronouns are of two kinds, Simple and Compound.

258. The simple relative pronouns are who, which, that and what. That and what are indeclinable, and used only in the nominative and objective. Who is masculine or feminine, and which is masculine, feminine, or neuter. They are declined thus:

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259. Who is applied to persons only; as, "The boy

who reads."

260. Which is applied to inferior animals, and things without life; as, "The dog which barks"-"The book which was lost."'

261. This relative, as in Latin, sometimes, for the sake of greater perspicuity, has its antecedent repeated after it; as, "I gave him a knife with an ivory handle,

which knife he still has." This construction, however, is inelegant, and should be avoided.

262. Which is applied also to collective nouns, expressing collections of persons, when the reference is to the collection, and not to the persons composing it; as, "The committee which was appointed." Also to names of persons considered only as a word; as, "Nero, which is only another name for cruelty."

263. Which has for its possessive whose; as, "A religion whose origin is Divine." Instead of "whose," however, the objective with of before it is more common; as, "A religion the origin of which is

Divine."

264. That is applied to both persons and things; as, "The boy that reads ;" "the dog that barks ;" "the book that was lost."

265. What is applied to things only, and is never used but when the antecedent is omitted; as, "This is what I wanted."

26€. In the above example, properly speaking, what neither includes the antecedent, nor has it understood, in the ordinary sense of that expression. If it included the antecedent, then what would be of two cases at the same time, which, if not absurd, is an anomaly not to be readily admitted. If the antecedent were understood, it could be supplied, and then the sentence would stand, "This is the thing what I wanted." But this is not English. The truth is, what is a simple relative, having, wherever used, like all other relatives, but one case; but yet it has this peculiarity of usage, that it always refers to a general antecedent, omitted, but easily supplied by the mind, and to which belongs the other case in the construction. The antecedent referred to is always the word "thing" or "things," or some general or indefinite term, obvious from the sense. When that antecedent is expressed, the relative following must be which or that, but never what. Thus, "This is what I wanted," is equivalent to "This is that which, or the thing which, I wanted." Hence, though it is true that what is equivalent in meaning to that which, or the thing which, yet the error to which this has imperceptibly led, viz., that what is a compound relative, and includes the antecedent, should be carefully avoided.--See App. II.

267. The office of the relative is twofold:

1. It is sometimes merely additive, and connects its clause with the antecedent, for the purpose of further describing, without modifying it; thus used, it is a mere connective, nearly equivalent to and, with a personal pronoun he, she, it, &c.; as, "Light is a body which moves with great celerity"="Light is a body, and it moves with great celerity."

2. It is more commonly restrictive, and connects its clause, as an

adjunct, with the antecedent, in order to modify or restrict its mean ing. Thus used, the relative with its clause is equivalent to an adjective; as, "Every thing which has life is an animal"="Every living thing is an animal." When used in this way, the relative can not be resolved into and with a personal pronoun, for we can not say, "Every thing is an animal, and it has life."

That

268. The relatives who and which are used in both senses. is used in restrictive, more commonly than in descriptive clauses. 269. Which is sometimes used as a demonstrative adjective pronoun (303), equivalent to this or these, and agrees with a substantive following it; as, "Which things are an allegory"=" These things are an allegory."

270. In English, a relative must always be in the same sentence with its antece, dent, and, if restrictive, in close connexion with it. In Latin, the relative often has its antecedent in a preceding sentence, and connected with it by a conjunctive term. When this is the case, it should be rendered into English by a demonstrative, or personal pronoun. This difference of idiom should be carefully marked by classical students. See Lat. Gr., § 99, Obs. 8.

271. In such sentences as the following-"Shan such as are vicious”—“ Send such as you have"--some grammarians consider the word as a relative: in the first example, as the nominative to are; and in the second, as the objective, governed by have. Others, more properly, regard it, in all such sentences, as a conjunction, and the expressions as elliptical-to be supplied thus: "Shun such as [those who] are vicious."-" Send such as [those which] you have."-See App. III.

COMPOUND RELATIVE PRONOUNS.

what, with ever or soever an

272. The relatives who, which, and nexed, are called compound relatives. They are used instead of the simple relative and a general or indefinite antecedent; as, "Whosoever committeth sin is the servant of sin;" that is, "Any one or every one who committeth sin," &c. "Whatever is evil should be avoided;" that is, “Every thing which is evil," &c.

273. Like the relative what, the compound relatives are used only when the indefinite antecedent is omitted. Whenever that is expressed, the simple relative who, which, or that, should be used as in the preceding examples.

274. It is therefore not correct to say, either that these relatives include the antecedents, and so have two cases, or that the antecedent is understood. The same reasoning that is applied to the relative what (266), is equally applicable to the compound relatives, only it must be remembered that the antecedent referred to in these, and to which one of the cases properly belongs, is always a general or indefinite

term.

275. In old writings the antecedent word is sometimes expressed, either before or after the compound relative, for the sake of greater emphasis or precision; as, "Bles sed is he, whosoever shall not be offended in me."-Eng. Bible. "Whosoever will, let

him take the water of life." This usage, however, is now nearly obsolete, except with the word whatever; as, " Whatever you do, let it be done well."

276. Whoso, formerly used in the sense of whoever, or whosoever, is now obsolete.

277. Whatever, whatsoever, whichever, and whichsoever, are often used before substantives, as a sort of indefinite adjective; as, "Whatever course you take, act uprightly." When thus used, the noun is sometimes placed between what, which, or whose, and soever; as, "What course soever"-" Into whose house soever ye

enter."

PARSING.

278. The relative is parsed by stating its gender, number, case, and antecedent (the gender and number being always the same as those of the antecedent (742); thus—

"The boy who studies what is useful, will improve."

Who is a relative pronoun, masculine, in the nominative singular, and refers to "boy," as its antecedent.

What is a relative pronoun, neuter in the nominative singular, and refers to "thing," or "that," as its antecedent, omitted: if supplied, what must be changed into which (266); thus, the thing which, or that which.

The pupil may assign reasons for the statements made in parsing, as exemplified (253).

EXERCISES ON THE RELATIVE.

1. Write on the blackboard a list of nouns, arranged in a column on the left side, and write after each its proper relative; thus, "The man-who;” “The bird— which."

2. In the following sentences, point out the relative, and the antecedent, or word to which it relates. Also state whether it is additive or restrictive (267) :—

A man who is generous will be honored. God, by whose kindness we live, whom we worship, who created all things, is eternal. That is the book which I lost. He who steals my purse, steals trash. This is the boy whom we met. This is the man that did it. These are the books that you bought. The person who does no good, does harm. The woman who was hurt, is well. This is the cat, that killed the rat, that ate the malt, that lay in the house, that Jack built.

3. In each of the following sentences point out the compound relative-mention the antecedent omitted, to which it refers. Insert the antecedent in each sentence, and make the necessary change in the relative (273) :— Whoever steals my purse, steals trash.

:

good, does harm. Whatever purifies the

Whoever does no heart, fortifies it.

Whatsoever ye would that men should do to you, do ye to

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