them also. Whoever sins, will suffer. I love whoever loves Now whatsoever God hath said to thee, do.

me.

ever I command you, do it.

Whatso

4. In the following sentences, wherever it can be done, change the relative and antecedent for the compound relative:

Bring with you everything which you see. Any one who told such a story, has been misinformed. Anything that is worth doing at all, is worth doing well. Anything that gives pain to others, deserves not the name

of pleasure. Every From every

one who loves pleasure, will be a poor man.
one, to whom much is given, shall much be required.

III. INTERROGATIVE PRONOUNS.

279. Who, which, and what, when used in asking questions, are called Interrogative Pronouns; as, "Who is there?"—"Which will you take ?"—" What did he say ?" 280. Who and which are declined like the relatives (258)

281. In questions, who is equivalent to what person; which and what have a noun following, to which, like an adjective, they belong, or refer to one understood, but easily supplied; thus, "Who [what person] is there?"—" Which [book] will you take?"- "What [thing] did he say?"

282. Who applies to persons only'; which and what to persons or things.

283. As applied to persons; who inquires for the name; which for the individual; what for the character or occupation; as, "Who wrote that book ?"—" Mr. Web. ster."-" Which of them ?"-" Noah Webster."-" What is he ?"—“ A lexicogra pher."

284. The same pronouns used responsively, in the beginning of a dependent clause, or in what is called the indirect question (i. e., in a way which, in an inde pendent clause, would be a direct question), are properly neither interrogatives nor relatives, but a sort of indefinite pronouns (306). This will be best illustrated by an example:

Interrogative." Who wrote that letter?"

Relative." I know the person who wrote that letter;" that is, I am acquainted with him.

Indefinite.-"I know who wrote that letter;" that is, I know by whom that letter was written.

285. It is necessary to these words being regarded as indefinites-1. That they begin a dependent clause; 2. That they do not ask a question; 3. That an antecedent can not be supplied without changing the sense; and 4. That the whole clause be either the subject of a verb, or the object of a verb or prepo

sition. These remarks will apply to all the following examples: "I know who wrote that letter."-"Tell me who wrote that letter."-"Do you know who wrote that letter?"-" Nobody knows who he is."-" Who he is, can not be known."—"Did he tell you who he is ?"-"We can not tell which is he."—"I know not what I shall do."-"It is uncertain to whom that book belongs." "Teach me what is truth, and what is error."

PARSING.

286. Interrogative pronouns, in both the direct and the indirect questions, are parsed by stating their gender, number, and case; thus:

Who is an interrogative pronoun, masculine or feminine in the nominative sin

gular.

Who is an indefinite pronoun (or an interrogative pronoun used responsively), masculine or feminine, in the nominative singular.

Reasons may be assigned for each statement, as exemplified (253).

1. Point out in which of the following sentences, who, which, and what, are relatives; in which, interrogatives; and in which, indefinites.

Who steals my purse, steals trash. To whom did you give that book? What I do, thou knowest not now. Who you are, what you are, or to whom you belong, no one knows. What shall I do? Who built that house? Do you know by whom that house was built? Is that, the man who built that house? Which book is yours? Do you know which book is yours? I saw a book which was said to be yours. I know which book is yours. What in me is dark, illumine. What is crooked, can not be made straight. What is wanting, can not be numbered. What is wanted? I know what is wanted.

2. Write sentences, each of which shall contain one of these pronouns in one or other of these different senses.

IV. ADJECTIVE PRONOUNS.

287. ADJECTIVE PRONOUNS are words used, some times like adjectives, to qualify a noun, and sometimes like pronouns, to stand instead of nouns.

288. Adjectives used as nouns, or with a noun understood, commonly take the article the before them (201); as, the young; the old; the good, &c. Adjective pronouns do not.

289. Of the adjective pronouns, the Possessives clearly have a double character. As an adjective, they qualify a noun, and as a pronoun, stand instead of a noun. The Distributives, Demonstratives, and Indefinites, as adjectives, qualify a noun expressed or understood, or they stand instead of a noun, and thus may be regarded sometimes as adjectives, and sometimes as pronouns. Hence they are classed by some grammarians as adjectives, and called pronominal adjectives; and by others as pronouns, and called adjective pronouns. The latter classification and name are here preferred, because they have been admitted into the grammars of almost all languages; and because a change of established nomenclature is an evil of so serious a kind, that it should not be incurred unless for the most urgent reasons. Still, it is a matter of little moment in itself which of these classifications is adopted. The principal point for the learner is, to know which the words are, and their character and use; and every teacher may adopt that classification and name which he prefers. For the convenience of such as prefer to consider them pronominal adjectives, they are classed as definitives (202–5).

290. Adjective Pronouns are divided into four classes: Possessive, Distributive, Demonstrative, and Indefinite.

POSSESSIVE PRONOUNS.

291. The POSSESSIVE PRONOUNS are such as denote possession. They are my, thy, his, her, its,-our, your, their own.

292. The possessive pronouns are derived from the personal, and combine the office of the adjective and pronoun, for they always limit one noun denoting the object possessed, and stand instead of another denoting the possessor. They agree with the possessive case of the personal pronoun in meaning, but differ from it in construction. The possessive pronoun, like the adjective, is always followed by its noun; as, "This is my book;" the possessive case of the personal is never followed by a noun, but refers to one known or previously expressed; as, "This book is mine." The possessive case of nouns is used both ways; as, This is John's book;" or, "This book is John's."

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293. Formerly mine and thine were used before a vowel, or the letter h, instead of my and thy; as, "Blot out all mine iniquities;" "Commune with thine heart." This form is still in use.

294. His, her, and its, when followed by a substantive, are possessive pronouns. not followed by a substantive, his is the possessive case of he; her, the objective case of she; and its, the possessive case of it. In the English Bible, his is neuter as well as masculine, and is used where its would now be used. See Prov. xxiii. 31; Is. lx. 22.

295. Own is not used as a possessive pronoun by itself, but is added to the other possessive pronouns, or to the possessive case of nouns, to render the possession ex

pressed by them emphatic; as, "My own book;" "The boy's own brok.

The

possessive pronoun, with own following it, may have its substantive understood; as, This book is my own."

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DISTRIBUTIVE PRONOUNS.

296. The Distributive pronouns represent objects as taken separately. They are each, every, either, neither. 297. Each denotes two or more objects taken separately.

298. Every denotes each of more than two objects taken individually, and comprehends them all.

299. Either means one of two, but not both. It is sometimes used for each; as, "On either side of the river."

300. Neither means not either.

301. The distributives are always of the third person singular, even when they relate to the persons speaking, or to those spoken to; as, " “Each of us—each of you-each of them-has his faults."

DEMONSTRATIVE PRONOUNS.

302. The Demonstrative pronouns point out objects definitely. They are this, that, with their plurals, these, those.

"

303. Yon and which, before a noun, seem more properly to belong to this class of words than to any other; as, Yon trembling coward;" " Yon tall cliff;" " Which things are an allegory;"=" These things," &c.

304. Former and latter, first and last, with the prefixed, though often used like that and this, referring to words contrasted, are properly adjectives (201).

INDEFINITE PRONOUNS.

305. The Indefinite pronouns designate objects indefinitely. They are, none, any, all, such, whole, some, both, one (used indefinitely), other, another. The three last are declined like nouns.

306. To these may be added, no, much, many, few, several, and the like; also, who, which, and what, used responsively (284).

"One

307. One, denoting a definite number, is a numeral adjective (205); as, man is sufficient." But one, referring indefinitely to an individual, is an indefinite pronoun. Thus used, with its noun following, it is indeclinable like the adjective, as, "One man's interest is not to be preferred to another's." Without its noun following, it is both singular and plural, and is declinable, like the substantive; as, "One is as good as another;"* One's interest is as good as another's;" "He took the old bird, and left the young ones," One might say." The same remark is applicable the indefinites, other and another.

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308. None (no one) is used in both numbers; and is never followed by a substantive; as, "None is so rude;" Among none, is there more sobriety."

309. Another is a compound of the article an and other.

310. Some is used with numerals, to signify about; as, "Some fifty years ago." This should not be imitated.

311. The expressions, each other, and one another, form what may be called reciprocal pronouns, and express a mutual relation between different persons. They have this peculiarity of construction, that the first word of each pair is in the nominative, in apposition with the plural subject, which it distributes, and the second in the objective, governed by the transitive verb or preposition; as, “They loved each other," i. e., They loved, each the other; "They wrote to one another." i. e., one to another (673). Each other applies to two; one another, to more than two.

312. Some of these indefinites, and words of similar signification, are sometimes used adverbially with the comparative degree; as, "Are you any better?” “I am some better;" "He is none the better-all the better," i. e.; "Are you better in any degree?" &c.

PARSING.

313. Adjective Pronouns are parsed by stating the class to which they belong, and the word which they qualify, thus:

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Every day brings its own duties."

Every is a distributive adjective pronoun, qualifying " day."

Its is a possessive adjective pronoun, emphatic, qualifying “ duties."

Own is a dependent possessive adjective pronoun; joined with its, to render the possession expressed emphatic (295).

EXERCISES ON ADJECTIVE PRONOUNS.

1. Point out the adjective pronouns in the following phrases and sentences, and parse them :

Every man is, to some extent, the architect of his own fortune. Do good to all men-injury to none. All things come alike to all. Your own friend, and your father's friend, forsake not. one, or that one, will answer my purpose; both are good. Some men love their money more than their honor.

This

EXERCISES ON PRONOUNS PROMISCUOUSLY.

In the following phrases and sentences, point out the pronouns, and parse them—, each as already directed:

Train up a child in the way he should go, and when he is old, he will not depart from it. Remember thy Creator and