Redeemer, in the days of thy youth. He is an object of pity, who can not respect himself. Feeble are all those pleasures in which the heart has no share. EXERCISES ON ALL THE PRECEDING PARTS OF SPEECH. In the following sentences, point out the nouns, articles, adjectives, and pronouns, in the order in which they occur, and parse them : My son, forget not my law; but let thy heart keep my commandments: For length of days, and long life, and peace, shall they add to thee. Let not mercy and truth forsake thee bind them about thy neck, write them upon the table of thy heart. Honor the Lord with thy substance, and with the first-fruits of all thine increase: So shall thy barns be filled with plenty, and thy presses shall burst out with new wine. Happy is the man that findeth Wisdom. Length of days is in her right hand, and in her left hand,riches and honor. Her ways are ways of pleasantness, and all her paths are peace." THE VERB. 314. A VERB is a word used to express the act, being, or state, of its subject; as, "John runs ;" "The boy sleeps" "We are;" "He is loved." Hence A word that expresses the act, being, or state of a thing, is a verb. Thus, we say runs is a verb, because it expresses the act of John, &c.-See App. IV. 315. The subject of a verb is that person or thing, whose act, being, or state, the verb expresses. Thus, in the preceding examples, "runs," expresses the act of "John"—" sleeps," the state of " boy,"—" are," the being or existence of "we," and "is loved," the state of "he," as the object acted upon (369). In like manner, in the sentences, "Let him come;" "I saw a man cutting wood;" "let," expresses the act of thou understood, denoting the person addressed-" come,' the act of 'him," and "cutting," the act of "man." 316. Verbs are of two kinds, Transitive and Intransitive.* * The division of verbs into transitive and intransitive has been so generally adopted and approved by the best grammarians, that any discussion of the subject is now unnecessary. 317. A TRANSITIVE verb expresses an act done by one person or thing to another; as, "James strikes the table ;" "The table is struck by James" (367). 318. An INTRANSITIVE verb expresses the being or state of its subject, or an act not done to another; as, “I am;" "He sleeps ;" "You run."' 319. In this division, Transitive (passing over) verbs include all those which express an act that passes over from the actor to an object; or the meaning of which has such a reference to an object, as to render the expression of it necessary to complete the sense; as, "He LOVES us;" "I HEAR you;" "James RESEMBLES his brother;""He HAS a book." Intransitive verbs include all those which are not transitive, whether they express action or not; as, "I am;" "You walk;" "They run." 320. These two classes of verbs may be thus distinguished :-- 1. Transitive verbs in the active voice require an object after them to complete the sense; as, "James strikes the table;"—Intransitive verbs do not require an object after them, but the sense is complete without it; as, " He sits ;” “You ride ;” "The wind blows ;""The wheel turns." 2. As the object of a transitive active verb is in the objective case, any verb which makes sense with me, thee, him, her, it, them, after it, is transitive. A verb that does not make sense with one of these words after it, is intransitive; thus, strikes is transitive, because we can say, "James strikes me;" sleeps is intransitive, because we can not say, "James sleeps me." Hence When a verb in the active voice, has an object, it is transitive: when it has not an object, it is intransitive. 3. In the use of transitive verbs, three things are always implied-the actor, the act, and the object acted upon: in the use of intransitive verbs, there are only two-the subject, and the being, state, or act, ascribed to it. “ 321. Intransitive verbs are sometimes rendered transitive1. When followed by a noun of the same, or similar signification, as an object; as, intransitive, “I run;” transitive, “I run a race." 2. By the addition of another word; as, intransitive, “I laugh ;" transitive, "I laugh at" (375). 322. The same verbs are sometimes used in a transitive, and sometimes in an intransitive sense. Thus, in the sentence, " Charity thinketh no evil," the verb is transitive. In the sentence, "Think on me," it is intransitive. 323. So also verbs, really transitive, are used intransitively, when they have no object, and the sense intended, being merely to denote an exercise, is complete without it. Thus, when we say, "That boy reads and writes well""reads" and "writes" are really transitive verbs; because, a person who reads and writes, must read or write something. Yet, as the sense is complete with out the object, nothing more being intended than simply, "That boy is a good reader and writer," the verbs, as here used, are intransitive. 324. PRELIMINARY ORAL EXERCISE. When we say, "John runs," what part of speech is John ?-Why? What is the use of runs in the sentence? It tells what John does. Is what a person or thing does, the act of that person or thing? What part of speech are words that express the act of a person or thing? Verbs. Then what part of speech is runs ?-Why? Of what is it that verbs express the act, being, or state? Of their subject. Whose act does runs express? Then what is John to the verb runs? When you say, "John runs," does it mean that he does anything to another? What sort of verbs express an act not done to another? What kind of a verb, then, is runs? If you say, "John cuts wood," which word tells what John does? Then what part of speech is cuts? Is it transitive or intransitive; -Why? EXERCISES. 1. In the following sentences, tell which words are verbs, and why-which are transitive, and why-which are intransitive, and why. The boy studies grammar. The girls play. Grass grows in the meadows. The farmer ploughs his field, and sows his grain. Romulus built Rome. The sun shines. The winds blow. The tree fell. Bring lessons. Have you recited? the heavens and the earth. your books, and prepare your Who read last? God created Columbus discovered America. 2. Write a list of nouns, or names of things, in a column on the left side of the blackboard; write after each, a word which tells something that each of these does; tell what part of speech that word is, and why: if a verb, whether transitive or intransitive, and why. DIVISION OF VERBS. 325. In respect of form, verbs are divided into Regular, Irregular, and Defective. 326. A regular verb is one that forms its past tense in the indicative active, and its past participle, by adding ed (68) to the present; as, present, love; past, loved; past participle, loved (494). 327. An IRREGULAR verb is one that does not form its past tense in the indicative active, and its past participle, by adding ed to the present; as, present, write; past wrote; past participle, written. 328. A DEFECTIVE verb is one in which some of the parts are wanting. To this class belong chiefly, Auxiliary and Impersonal verbs. AUXILIARY VERBS. 329. AUXILIARY (or helping) verbs are those by the help of which other verbs are inflected. They are do, have, be;-shall, will;-may, can, must: and, except be, they are used only in the present and the past tense; thus: Present. Do, have, shall, will, may, can, must. Past. should, would, might, could, Did, had, 330. Be, do, and have, are also principal verbs, and, as such, belong to irregular verbs (512). Be is used as an auxiliary in all its parts (354). THE USE OF AUXILIARIES. 331. Verbs, now used as auxiliaries only, were probably at first used as independent verbs, and combined syntactically with the following verb in the infinitive-the sign to being in process of time omitted, as it now is after such verbs as see, hear, feel, &c. (877); thus, "I can [to] do"-"They will [to] write""We could [to] go," &c.; and some grammarians contend that they should be so considered still (381). 332. Shall, will, may, can, and their past tenses, should, would, &c., as auxiliaries, retain the personal endings of the second person singular; thus, shait, wilt, mayst, canst—shouldst, wouldst, mightst, couldst. But in their present they do not retain the personal ending of the third person singular; thus they have shall, will, may, can-not shalls, wills, mays, cans. This will be seen by their use in the inflection of verbs. 333. Do is used as an auxiliary in the present tense, and did, in the past, to render the expression emphatic; as, "I do love"-"I did love." Also when the verb in these tenses is used interrogatively, or negatively; as, "Does he study?" -"He does not study."-" Did he go?"-" He did not go."-Do, and not dost, is used as an auxiliary in the second person singular of the imperative; as, "Do thou love." 334. Have is used as an auxiliary in the present-perfect tense, and had in the past-perfect. Shall and Will-Should and Would. 335. Shall, primarily and strictly, denotes present obligation; and will, present inclination, purpose, or volition, from which the futurity of the act, &c., is naturally inferred. But, as auxiliaries, the primary signification is lost sight of, and they are used simply to denote futurity-still modified, however, in their use, by their primary signification. They are usually distinguished as follows: SHALL and WILL, expressing resolution, purpose, &c. 336. Will denotes the purpose, resolution or inclination, of a person, in reference to his own acts; and shall, his purpose, &c.in reference to the acts of others over whom he has authority or power. As the purpose expressed may be that of the speaker, of the person addressed, or of the person spoken of, hence will arise the three following forms, viz. : FIRST FORM.-Expressing the resolution of the speaker. It is my purpose or intention that-I will write-you shall write-he shall write. Or, without a preceding clause: I will write-you shall write-he shall write. SECOND FORM.-Expressing the resolution of the person addressed. It is your purpose, &c., that-I shall write-you will write-he shall write. THIRD FORM.-Expressing the resolution of the person spoken of. It is his purpose. &c., that-I shall write-you shall write-he (himself) will write-he (another) shall write. The second and third forms can not be used without a preceding clause. 337. Hence it is manifest that will expresses the purpose, resolution, promise, &c., of the subject of the verb. Thus I will go, He will go, expresses My resolution, &c. Thy resolution, &c. His resolution, &c. 338. Fixed purpose or determination, however, is expressed in a more positive and absolute manner in the first person by shall than by will, because in this way, the person, as it were, divests himself of will, and puts himself entirely at the dis posal of another. Thus, a person may say, "I shall go, though much against my inclination." For this reason, shall is more polite and respectful in a promise, and more offensive in a threat, than will. Interrogatively. 339. In asking questions, these auxiliaries in this sense, are used with referenco to the will of the second person, to whom a question is always supposed to be addressed, and hence are used as in the second of the above forms; thus Shall I write ? Will you write? Shall he write?-Equivalent to- SHALL and WILL, expressing futurity. 340. In regard to simple futurity, the use of shall and will is directly the reverse of what it is in the expression of resolution: that is, will takes the place of shall, and shall takes the place of will. In other words, when a person in reference to himself foretells what is future, shall is used; and in reference to others, will is used. Thus FIRST FORM.-I think that I shall go-that thou wilt go-that he will go.Or without a preceding clause: I shall go-thou wilt go—he will go. SECOND FORM.-You think that I will go-that you shall go-that he will go. THIRD FORM.-He thinks that I will go-that you will go-that he (himself) shall go that he (another) will go. 341. But when the thing foretold is regarded, either as pleasing, or repugnant, shall is used with reference to the first person, even when others are represented as foretelling; as |