232

forn straight way

M. TULLII CICERONIS

диети de rebus notis et inlustribus, de virtute, de iustitia, de honestate, de voluptate, verbum prorsus nullum intellego; ita sunt angustis et concisis disputationibus inligati; poëtas omnino (quasi) alia quadam lingua locutos non conor attingere. Cum his me, ut 5 dixi, oblecto, qui res gestas aut orationes scripserunt suas aut qui ita loquuntur, ut videantur voluisse esse nobis, qui non sumus eruditissimi, familiares. Sed illuc redeo: videtisne, quantum 15 munus sit oratoris historia? haud scio an flumine orationis et 62 Mbi varietate maximum; neque eam reperio usquam separatim in10 structam rhetorum praeceptis; sita sunt enim ante oculos. Nam quis nescit primam esse historiae legem, ne quid falsi dicere <audeat? deinde ne quid veri non audeat? ne quae suspicio

244

6

gratiae sit in scribendo? ne quae simultatis? Haec scilicet fun- 63 damenta nota sunt omnibus, ipsa autem exaedificatio posita est 15 in rebus et verbis: rerum ratio ordinem temporum desiderat,yn regionum descriptionem; volt etiam, quoniam in rebus magnis

cp. Suet. Cal. 49' alteri (libello) Gladius,
alteri Pugio index erat.'

3. concisis. The codd. mutili have
longis, which probably arose from a mis-
understanding of the contraction concis.
Perhaps there was also an unseasonable
recollection of the verbosity of much
philosophical writing. But the Stoics,
and especially Chrysippus, with all their
wordiness were noted for the obscure
brevity of their style. Cp. below, § 159.
illigati, ‘entangled.'

alia quadam, 'a quite different.'

4. Cum his, in the companionship of
these.'

5. oblecto: (so oblectatio,' in i. 26.
118), 'amuse;' not so strong as 'delecto.'
suas, emphatic from its position,
' which they have themselves delivered.'
7. familiares,' accessible.'

illuc, 'to my point,' viz. that rules are
not to be laid down for all forms of litera-
ture which call for rhetorical skill.

videtisne, 'do you not see?' -ne in this phrase is virtually equivalent to nonne, as often in Plautus and Terence, who do not use the fuller form. Cp. Kühner, ii. 1002, and Reid on de Sen. 10. 31 'videtisne ut apud Homerum saepissime Nestor de virtutibus suis praedicet?'

9. neque § 19 (note).

12. suspicio, one of the very few words

6. loquuntur: locuntur Lagg. 2, 32, 36: codd. mut. prudentissimi. 16. quoniam :

in which it is possible to doubt whether the form with c or t is the more correct. The weighty authorities of the_Cod. Ambros. in Plautus and the Cod. Bemb. in Terence are for suspitio, but their evidence is weakened by the fact that they also give the erroneous conditio: the Medicean in Tac. Ann. iv. 10. 67; vi. 47 and elsewhere has t, but this MS. is not very trustworthy on such points. Fleckeisen (Fünfzig Art. p. 30) and (formerly) Brambach defend the t: Corssen stoutly opposes it (ii. 359-360): Brambach now (Hülfsbüchlein, p. 62) inclines to believe in the existence of two independent formations, one direct from the stem spic (with Corssen), the other from the supine stem spic-t. Cp. Haupt in Hermes iv. 147. Here A has suspicio, and Ell. notes no variant in any of the MSS.

15. rerum ratio, 'the character of the subject matter.'

Lesigns

memoriaque dignis consilia primum, deinde acta, postea eventus
exspectentur, et de consiliis significari quid scriptor probet et in
rebus gestis declarari non solum quid actum aut dictum sit, sed
etiam quo modo, et cum de eventu dicatur, ut causae explicentur
omnesvel casus vel sapientiae vel temeritatis hominumque ipsorum 5

non solum res gestae, sed etiam, qui fama ac nomine excellant, Sarasir

point

به اندالها

(sting)

64 de cuiusque vita atque natura; verborum autem ratio et genus
orationis fusum atque tractum et cum lenitate quadam aequabili
profluens sine hac iudiciali asperitate et sine sententiarum fo-
rensibus aculeis persequendum est. Harum tot tantarumque to
rerum videtisne nulla esse praecepta, quae in artibus rhetorum cate
reperiantur? in eodem silentio multa alia oratorum officia iacue-like
runt, cohortationes, praecepta, consolationes, admonita, quae trac-
tanda sunt omnia disertissime, sed locum suum in his artibus,
65 quae traditae sunt, habent nullum. Atque in hoc genere illa 15
quoque est infinita silva, quod oratori plerique, ut etiam Crassus
ostendit, duo genera ad dicendum dederunt: unum de certa
II. nulla Aby, etc. Sulla KP. 13. cohorta-
tiones, consolationes. praecepta, admonita: ABby cohortationes praecepta consolationis
admonita: incl. K.

8. aequabili: Aby aequabiliter.

6

Ell. retains expectantur' from the older
editions, Mr. Roby too thinks that the ind.
is necessary here; but I doubt it. Lam-
binus read quod.'

4. eventus, 'the results.'

5. vel casus, etc. genitives of definition: residing either in chance,' etc. Cp. Caes. de Bell. Civ. iii. 72 parvulae causae vel falsae suspicionis vel terroris repentini vel obiectae religionis magna detrimenta intulerunt' (quoted by Roby, § 1302 and Nägelsb Stil. p. 275).

8. fusum atque tractum, easy and flowing.' Cp. § 159. and Or. 20. 66 'historia in qua et narratur ornate et regio saepe aut pugna describitur, interponuntur etiam contiones et hortationes: sed in his tracta quaedam et fluens expetitur, non haec contorta et acris oratio.'

9. sine hac, etc. virtually an adjectival expression, like Tusc. D. i. 22. 51 'haec refutent isti, qui negant animum sine corpore (an immaterial soul') se intellegere posse.' Cp. note on § 10, and Acad. i. 7. 27 'sine ulla specie . . . materiam quandam,' an absolutely formless kind of matter.' hac - which we use.

sine sententiarum forensibus aculeis: we might say 'without the barbed shafts of epigrams in use at the bar.'

History written in the style of Tacitus
certainly does not avoid these aculei, the
pointed sayings which are meant to stick
in the mind of the judges. Cp. Or. 19.
62 horum (sc. philosophorum) oratio
neque nervos, neque aculeos oratorios ac
forensis habet;' and below iii. 21. 80;
34. 138.

II. nulla, with the codd. mutili: not ulla,
the reading of the older editors: vide-
tisne' has the force pointed out in § 62.
12. iacuerunt, have been left neg-
lected.'

13. praecepta, admonita; good instan-
ces of the way in which past participles
are often made to do duty as abstract
substantives. Cp. Nägelsb. p. 87. There
seems to be no other instance of 'ad-
monita'' admonitio.'

15. in hoc genere, 'under this head.'
viz. of various styles for which no special
rules are laid down. The sentence is
carelessly constructed: a reference in
passing to the two kinds of questions is
expanded until Cicero seems to lose
sight of the purpose for which he in-
tended to allude to the division, viz. to
point out how one of the two kinds of
subjects fall wholly under this head.
16. silva üλn, 'material.'
Crassus ostendit: i. 31. 138 ff.

R

แป

234

M. TULLII CICERONIS

definitaque causa, quales sunt, quae in litibus, quae in deliberationibus versantur, addat, si quis volet, etiam laudationes; alterum, quod appellant omnes fere scriptores, explicat nemo, infinitam generis sine tempore et sine persona quaestionem— 5 hoc quid et quantum sit, cum dicunt, intellegere mihi non videntur si enim est oratoris, quaecumque res infinite posita 66 sit, de ea posse dicere, dicendum erit ei, quanta sit solis magnitudo, quae forma terrae; de mathematicis, de musicis rebus non poterit quin dicat hoc onere suscepto recusare; denique ei, To qui profitetur esse suum non solum de eis controversiis, quae e temporibus et personis notatae sunt, hoc est, de omnibus forensibus, sed etiam de generum infinitis quaestionibus dicere, nullum potest esse genus orationis, quod sit exceptum-sed si illam 16 term quoque partem quaestionum oratori volumus adiungere vagam 15 et liberam et late patentem, ut de rebus bonis aut malis, expetendis aut fugiendis, honestis aut turpibus, utilibus aut inutilibus, de virtute, de iustitia, de continentia, de prudentia, de magnitudine animi, de liberalitate, de pietate, de amicitia, de officio, de fide, de ceteris virtutibus contrariisque vitiis dicendum 20 oratori putemus; itemque de re publica, de imperio, de re militari, de disciplina civitatis, de hominum moribus, adsumamus eam quoque partem, sed ita, ut sit circumscripta modicis regionibus. Equidem omnia, quae pertinent ad usum civium, morem hominum, 68 quae versantur in consuetudine vitae, in ratione rei publicae, in

9. quin dicat, depending upon recusare.' It is less common to find ' quin' depending upon an omitted facere, as in § 39. There are other instances in Flautus (e. g. Stich. 302), but I have not found any in Cicero. Cp. Kühner, ii. 833.

II. notatae, undoubtedly the right reading, is due to a conjecture of Manutius: all MSS. have notae, by a very common error. Cp. Drakenborch on Liv. xxii. 37. 9; xxiv. 48.7. Cp. de Or. Part. 18. 61 duo sunt quaestionum genera, quorum alterum finitum temporibus et personis causam appello, alterum infinitum, nullis neque personis neque temporibus notatum, propositum voco.'

13. illam quoque partem: i. e. ethics and politics as well as physics. Cp. the very similar discussion of the province of Rhetoric in Plato, Gorg. 453 D, 454 C, and of Dialectic in Cic. Acad. ii.

28.91.

15. liberam=nullis terminis saeptam, ⚫ unconfined.'

21. disciplina civitatis: i. 34. 159 (note).

adsumamus, concessive conj. Roby, § 1620.

22. regionibus, 'boundaries,' as often in Cicero, a meaning directly derived from its primary meaning of 'line.' Cp. pro Arch. 10. 23 'si res eae quas gessimus orbis terrae regionibus definiuntur;' ib. 11. 29 quibus regionibus vitae spatium circumscriptum est.'

23. ad usum civium, morem hominum, 'the practice of the citizens, and their ways:' but the absence of any conjunction (moremque is only found in one inferior MS.) makes it highly probable that morem hominum is only a gloss on usum. In the next clause, translate in our social relations and political life.'

·

67

hac societate civili, in sensu hominis communi, in natura, in moribus, comprehendenda esse oratori puto; si minus, ut separatim de his rebus philosophorum more respondeat, at certe, ut in causa prudenter possit intexere; hisce autem ipsis de rebus ut with wom ita loquatur, uti ei, qui iura, qui leges, qui civitates constituerunt, 5 ( wwhlanatio locuti sunt, simpliciter et splendide, sine ulla serie disputationum arren 69 et sine ieiuna concertatione verborum. Hoc loco ne qua sit : admiratio, si tot tantarumque rerum nullà a me praecepta ponentur, sic statuo: ut in ceteris artibus, cum tradita sint cuiusque artis difficillima, reliqua, quia aut faciliora aut similia sint, tradi o non necesse esse; ut in pictura, qui hominis unius speciem pingere perdidicerit, posse eum cuiusvis vel formae vel aetatis, etiamsi non didicerit, pingere neque esse periculum, qui leonem aut taurum pingat egregie, ne idem in multis aliis quadrupedibus facere non possit-neque est omnino ars ulla, in qua omnia, quae 15 illa arte effici possint, a doctore tradantur, sed qui primarum et certarum rerum genera ipsa didicerunt, reliqua [non incommode] 70 per se adsequentur-similiter arbitror in hac sive ratione sive exercitatione dicendi, qui illam vim adeptus sit, ut eorum mentis, qui aut de re publica aut de ipsius rebus aut de eis, contra quos 20 aut pro quibus dicat, cum aliqua statuendi potestate audiant, ad suum arbitrium movere possit, illum de toto illo genere reliquarum orationum non plus quaesiturum esse, quid dicat, quam Polyclitum illum, cum Herculem fingebat, quem ad modum

II. hominis unius KS e coni. hominum codd. mut. hominis P.

5. qui iura: om. A. 17. non incommode, om. ABby Lg. 13, 32. per se adsequuntur S.

I. sensu communi: cp.i.4.13 (note). 2. comprehendenda esse, ought to be thoroughly mastered.'

5. iura, 'legal principles;' leges, ‘statutes.'

6. splendide, 'clearly,' in a fresh, vigorous manner, opposed to barren verbal quibblings. Ernesti (Lexic. Techn. p. 369) is not satisfied with the meaning clear,' and prefers to interpret it of 'unassuming dignity of expression.'

9. tradita sint: so the best MSS.; the old reading sunt is not so good, and has less authority.

II. necesse esse, sc. arbitror: there is no need for the change to est, adopted by some editors on the suggestion of Lambinus. So with posse and neque esse.

16. primarum, 'the most important.' 17. genera ipsa, 'the general types.'

18. per se adsequentur PK.: p ... tur Ay

[non incommode] omitted by many of the better MSS. and a needless addition. 18. sive―sive: cp. § 29 'sive artificium sive studium dicendi.'

21. cum aliqua statuendi potestate, equivalent to 'dominus rei,' in § 72.

23. quaesiturum esse,' will be at a loss.' 24. Polyclitum: it is more common to reproduce the Greek a by i before consonants (as Clitus, Euclides, etc.) and so it is written in A and most other MSS. here. There is some authority for Polycletus in Cicero, and it is found on an inscription, Orell. 3245, but Kühner, i. p. 58, is hardly correct in saying that it is the more common form. Cicero mentions him in seven other places, and the best editors always give -clitus, though the MSS. constantly vary. Cp. Madvig on de Fin. ii. 34. 115; Zumpt on Verr. iv. 5. 12; Acad.

pellem aut hydram fingeret, etiamsi haec numquam separatim facere didicisset.' Tum Catulus 'praeclare mihi videris, Antoni, 17 posuisse' inquit 'ante oculos, quid discere oporteret eum, qui 71 orator esset futurus, quid, etiamsi non didicisset, ex eo, quod wther 5 didicisset, adsumeret; deduxisti enim totum hominem in duo where genera solum causarum, cetera innumerabilia exercitationi et similitudini reliquisti: sed videto ne in istis duobus generibus activity hydra tibi sit et pellis, Hercules autem et alia opera maiora in illis rebus, quas praetermittis, relinquantur; non enim mihi minus 10 operis videtur de universis generibus rerum quam de singulorum causis ac multo etiam maius de natura deorum quam de hominum litibus dicere.' 'Non est ita,' inquit Antonius; 'dicam 72 enim tibi, Catule, non tam doctus quam, id quod est maius, expertus: omnium ceterarum rerum oratio, mihi crede, ludus 15 est homini non hebeti neque inexercitato neque communium litterarum et politioris humanitatis experti; in causarum cona degree polite

5. totum hominem: totam hanc rem.
vide KP.

K. e coni. 7. videto S cum Ab: vides y. 8. in illis rebus Aby: K. ne in illis rebus PS.

ii. 47. 146 (Reid); Kühner on Tusc. i. 2.
4; Brut. 18. 70; 86. 296 (Kayser) Parad.
5. 37. Polycleitus of Sicyon became a
citizen of Argos, and hence some writers
have incorrectly supposed that Polycleitus
of Sicyon was a different man from Poly-
cleitus of Argos. This was not the case,
although there was also a younger Poly-
cleitus of Argos. The elder Polycleitus
was a pupil of Ageladas along with
Pheidias (who seems to have been 16 or
18 years his senior) and Myron. As
Pheidias was unrivalled in his statues of
deities, so Polycleitus was unequalled in
his human figures, and his Doryphorus
was regarded as the ideal of human beauty
(cp. Or. 2. 5; Brut. 86. 296). His prin-
cipal works are enumerated in an excel-
lent article by P. S. in the Dict. Biogr.
Cp. also Overbeck, Geschichte der Grie-
chischen Plastik, i. pp. 340-355. The
statue of Heracles and the Hydra is not
elsewhere mentioned; for it is evidently
not the same as the Heracles Hageter,
arming himself, which was at Rome
in the time of Pliny (xxxiv. 8. 56,
Detlefsen).

3. inquit, added from the codd. mutili.
Its position is one very common in Cicero.
Cp. i. § 74, 80, 99, 105, 122, 136, etc.

5. deduxisti, etc. i.e. you have brought a man entirely away from the distracting multiplicity of various kinds of oratory,

The

and confined him to two classes. metaphor is perhaps a military one: to confine the whole strength of a man to two positions, and not let it be broken up in an attempt to hold too many.

7. similitudini, ‘analogy.'

videto (from the better MSS.), a more impressive warning than the more usual vide. Mr. Reid on pro Balb. § 17 allows that the forms in -to, -tote convey a somewhat stronger and more formal command or entreaty than the shorter forms: but in a later note on de Sen. § 3 he says that a careful examination of a very large number of instances has convinced him that no distinction in meaning or use can be drawn between the fuller and the shorter forms. Cp. Roby, § 1495. Translate 'you must see to it.'

14. mihi crede, always used by Cicero in this order, except in four instances (all in the letters to Atticus: cp. Kühner, ii. 758), possibly to avoid the dactylic rhythm: but cp. Reid on Acad. Ter. Phorm. 494 has crede mihi.'

ludus, 'child's play:' cp. de Fin. i. 8. 27 'cum praesertim illa perdiscere ludus esset.'

15. communium litterarum et politioris humanitatis = 'ordinary liberal education,' as compared with 'interiores et reconditae litterae,' de Nat. Deor. iii. 16. 42.