propendeat in nos aut defensionis argumentis adducatur aut animi permotione cogatur. Sed quoniam illa pars, in qua rerum ipsarum explicatio ac defensio posita est, videtur omnem huius generis quasi doctrinam continere, de ea primum loquemur 5 et pauca dicemus: pauca enim sunt, quae usu iam tractata et animo quasi notata habere videamur. Ac tibi sapienter monenti, 30 Crasse, libenter adsentiemur, ut singularum causarum defensiones quas solent magistri pueris tradere, relinquamus, aperiamus autem capita ea, unde omnis ad omnem et causam et orationem dis10 putatio ducitur. Neque enim, quotiens verbum aliquod est scribendum nobis, totiens eius verbi litterae sunt cogitatione conquirendae; nec quotiens causa dicenda est, totiens ad eius causae seposita argumenta revolvi nos oportet, sed habere certos locos, qui, ut litterae ad verbum scribendum, sic illi ad causam 15 explicandam statim occurrant. X Sed hi loci ei demum oratori 131 prodesse possunt, qui est versatus in rerum vel usu, quem aetas denique adfert, vel auditione et cogitatione, quae studio et diligentia praecurrit aetatem. Nam si tu mihi quamvis eruditum hominem adduxeris, quamvis acrem et acutum in cogitando, 20 quamvis ad pronuntiandum expeditum, si erit idem in consuetudine civitatis, in exemplis, in institutis, in moribus ac voluntatibus civium suorum hospes, non multum ei loci proderunt illi, ex quibus argumenta promuntur: subacto mihi d 16. rerum A Lg. 2: SAd. rebus KP. 13. seposita, 'stored up separately,' in the theoretical treatises. 14. sic illi, redundant after qui: cp. Tusc. iv. 14. 32 ingeniosi, ut aes Corinthium in aeruginem, sic illi in morbum et incidunt tardius et recreantur ocius;' ib. 30.64 est enim metus, ut aegritudo praesentis, sic ille futuri mali:' cp. Madvig on de Fin. v. 24. 71, and below, §§ 257, 310. 15. occurrant: cp. i. 38. 151. 16. in rerum vel usu: so A and the codd. mutili: the later MSS. by a natural correction have rebus, retained by Kayser and Pid. (not Adler). aetas denique, nothing but years.' 20. pronuntiandum, ' deliver himself,' not pronounce,' which in Cicero is always dicere, appellare, or exprimere (iii. 11. 41): cp. i. 61. 261. 23. subacto, a metaphor from hus comfosi ingenio opus est, ut agro non semel arato, sed [novato et] 1. sed [novato et]: sic K: sed novato om. ABby. novato et om. Lg. 4, 13, 32, 36. bandry: well-tilled: cp. Cato, R. Rust. 161. 1 locum subigere oportet bene: ubi erit subactus, areas facito:' de Sen. 15. 51 'quae cum gremio mollito et subacto semen sparsum excepit.' 2. iterato is technically equivalent to novato, which must evidently here denote the second ploughing: but it seems very doubtful whether the word can bear this meaning: certainly the only other passage quoted for it (Ov. Pont. iv. 2. 44 'nec me oblectat cultu terra novata suo ') barely admits of it, and certainly does not require it. Novalis ager is land ploughed for the first time (Varro L. L. v. 39, Müll. 'ager qui intermittitur a novando novalis'), either when just reclaimed (Plin. H. N. xvii. 5. 3. 39 caesa vetere silva') or after it has lain fallow for a while. Hence it is highly probable that novato is a gloss upon semel arato, and should be banished from the text: and this is strongly confirmed by the fact that it is omitted in Ay Lagg. 4. 13, 32, 36. If however the authority of Nonius, who quotes the words, is held to outweigh these considerations, we can only fall back (with Sorof and Pid.) on the very forced explanation of Henrichsen that novatum and iteratum here correspond to the technical iteratum and tertiatum respectively. 3. litterae, 'writing;'=' stilus,' in § 96. 4. factumne sit quaeratur, a clause in apposition to naturam causae, which might have been introduced by utrum, corresponding to an, after which quaeratur is understood again; 'whether the question is if an act has been done, or is of what character it is,' etc. 6. subductionibus, 'calculations,' as to the section and sub-section of the theoretical scheme, under which the case comes. 8. quid veniat in iudicium, 'the point to be decided' =тò кρivóμevov: cp. Top. 25.95 quae ex statu contentio efficitur, cum Graeci Tò кρivóμevov appellant, mihi placet id . . . qua de re agitur appellari :' Or. 36. 126, Brut. 79. 275, 'quid faciat causam' is the defendant's plea: 'quid veniat in iudicium' the admissibility of this plea. 9. interfecit Opimius Gracchum : the standing instance in the rhetorical treatises e. g. Or. part. 30. 104, 106. Strictly speaking Opimius did not kill Gracchus. In the grove of Furrina on the right bank of the Tiber the body of Gracchus was found side by side with that of his slave Euporus, or as Plutarch calls him Philocrates, and the report was that the slave had killed his master and then slain himself. But Opimius had attacked Gracchus and his partisans on the Aventine, and killed all he could. Livy (Perioch. lxi.) says L. Opimius accusatus apud populum a Q. Decio trib. pl. quod indemnatos cives in carcerem coniecisset, absolutus est.' (Q. is probably an error for P.: cp. § 135, Brut. 28. 108). Apparently Õpimius was accused 'de maies tate.' IO. ex senatus consulto, i. e. ' videant consules ne quid detrimenti respublica capiat.' II. tolle, ... non erit. In such cases Cicero never inserts et before the apodosis: other writers insert or omit it indifferently:' Mayor on Juv. i. 155, who quotes other authorities. Kühner, Ausf. Gr.ii.633, gives an instance of et inserted from Cato, R. R. 6. 6 (cp. p. 761). set of men 133 leges licuisse Decius. Veniet igitur in iudicium licueritne ex senatus consulto servandae rei publicae causa. Perspicua sunt haec quidem et in volgari prudentia sita; sed illa quaerenda, quae et ab accusatore et a defensore argumenta ad id, quod in 5 iudicium venit, spectantia debent adferri. Atque hic illud vi- 31 /dendum est, in quo summus est error istorum magistrorum, ad quos liberos nostros mittimus, non quo hoc quidem ad dicendum magno opere pertineat, sed tamen ut videatis, quale sit genus hoc eorum, qui sibi eruditi videntur [hebes atque im10 politum]: constituunt enim in partiendis orationum modis duo genera causarum: unum appellant, in quo sine personis atque temporibus de universo genere quaeratur; alterum, quod personis certis et temporibus definiatur; ignari omnis controversias, ad att! universi generis vim et naturam referri ; nam in ea ipsa causa, 134 15 de qua ante dixi, nihil pertinet ad oratoris locos Opimii persona, nihil Decii; de ipso enim universo genere infinita quaestio est, num poena videatur esse adficiendus, qui civem ex senatus consulto patriae conservandae causa interemerit, cum id per leges non liceret; nulla denique est causa, in qua id, quod in iudicium 20 venit, reorum personis ac non generum ipsorum universa dubidiscursion 5. debeant KP: debent S cum A et codd. mut. 、 8. quale sit K cum Ay Lg. 2, 4, m 13, 36. quam sit PS. 9. hebes atque impolitum incl. K, id ipsum negat licuisse. Decius, 4. argumenta is attracted out of its place into the relative clause: translate but we must search for those arguments bearing upon the question at issue which, etc.' 5. debent: so A and most of the codd. mut. If we retain debeant with K. and Pid. quae must be taken as a dependent interrogative, and illa is by attraction for illud, as in Lael. 16. 56 'constituendi autem sunt, qui sint in amicitia fines et quasi termini deligendi.' But this would be a harsher instance than any of those quoted by Reid ad loc. or by Madvig on de Fin. v. 21. 58, and it is needless to take it so in face of the MS. authority for debent. 7. hoc quidem, sc. the division into quaestio and causa. The theorists are not only wrong in their opinion that the dis 8. quale sit genus: Cicero likes to separate quam from the word which it qualifies, both in exclamations and in indirect questions: cp. i. 58. 246: and Reid on Lael. 3. 10; Acad. i. 26: hence there is no objection on this score to the vulgate but the weight of authority in favour of quale is so great, as to make it probable that hebes atque impolitum is a spurious addition. 10. duo genera: Introd. p. 56. 15. locos, 'points of view,' i.e. line of argument. 16. de universo genere quaeratur, 'a general question is raised.' infinita quaestio est : cp. Or. part. 30. 106 'ita disceptationes eae, quae in his controversiis oriuntur, quae sunt certis personis et temporibus notatae, fiunt rursus infinitae, detractisque temporibus et personis rursus ad consultationis formam rationemque revocantur.' 19. denique, 'in short.' 20. universa dubitatione = infinita 4 135 tatione quaeratur. Quin etiam in eis ipsis, ubi de facto ambigitur, ceperitne pecunias contra leges [P.] Decius, argumenta et criminum et defensionis revocentur oportet ad genus et ad naturam universam quod sumptuosus, de luxurie, quod alieni appetens, de avaritia, quod seditiosus, de turbulentis et malis civibus, 5 quod a multis arguitur, de genere testium, contraque, quae pro reo dicentur, omnia necessario a tempore atque homine ad com136 munis rerum et generum summas revolventur. Atque haec forsitan homini non omnia, quae sunt in natura rerum, celeriter animo comprehendenti permulta videantur, quae veniant in iudicium 10 tum, cum de facto quaeratur; sed tamen criminum multitudo 32 est et defensionum, non locorum infinita. Quae vero, cum de 4. de luxurie incl. K. 5. de avaritia incl. K. 6. de genere testium incl. K. 137 civibus incl. K. quaestione, a general discussion:' thus dubitare discuss:' e.g. pro Rosc. 31. 88 ' restat ut hoc dubitemus uter potius Sex. Roscium occiderit;' like dropĥσαι, 'to raise a discussion.' The old reading disputatione has less authority here, and is more likely to be a correction. 2. P. Decius: the praenomen is omitted in Ay Lagg. 2. 13, which have decuius; and the general rule, which requires its insertion only in formal statements, or when the person is mentioned with some respect (well illustrated by Ellendt on iii. I. 4), allows us to dispense with it here. There seems to be no evidence to determine whether this Decius is the same as the prosecutor of Opimius; although the context somewhat favours this view. Nor do we know whether Decius was prosecuted on the charge of receiving money illegally, or simply charged with it. If Ihne is right in his conjecture that the prosecution of Opimius was merely a trick of the oligarchical party, in order to secure an approval of their policy by a judicial vote at a time of strong Conservative reaction' (Röm. Gesch. v. p. 110), it is quite conceivable that Decius was afterwards prosecuted by the popular party for praevaricatio. But our only other authority for the prosecution (Cic. Orat. part 30. 106), adds nothing to our knowledge of the circumstances. It is to be noticed however that in that passage Cicero twice omits the praenomen. In Brut. 28. 108 Cicero says Flacci autem aemulus P. Decius fuit, non infans ille quidem, sed ut vita, sic oratione etiam turbulentus: ' so far as this goes, it is in favour of Ihne's T de turbulentis et malis hypothesis, Flaccus being of course the well-known adherent of the Gracchi. 3. genus et ad naturam universam, practically a hendiadys, the latter clause serving to define the former. The construction goes on somewhat loosely: it might be stated more completely thus: 'quod sumptuosus est aliquis, id argumentum revocetur oportet ad quaestionem de luxurie,' etc. 7. ad communes rerum et generum summas, 'to the general conceptions embracing the individual instances and classes.' 8. forsitan ... videantur: so always with Cicero, who does not forget that the word is contracted from fors sit an: but in Livy we find the indicative pretty frequently, though even with him the subjunctive is the more common (cp. Kühnast, Liv. Synt. p. 226). The poets use the indicative freely: Kühner, ii. 614. 12. et defensionum, non locorum: this is evidently the reading required by the sense of the passage: although a man, who is not used to group all phenomena under their proper genera and species, may think that the various questions for the judges are extremely numerous, yet it is the particular charges or particular defences which are infinite in number, not the general lines of argument. Pearce, and (independently) Piderit corrected the MS. reading 'non defensionum aut locorum,' which is due only to a misunderstanding of the concrete force of defensionum. Quae vero, etc. But the cases where there is no dispute as to the facts of the case, but the question turns upon their character.' выемые M. TULLII CICERONIS valide facto non ambigitur, quaeruntur, qualia sint, ea si ex reis numeres, et innumerabilia sunt et obscura; si ex rebus, valde et modica et inlustria; nam si Mancini causam in uno Mancino ponimus, quotienscumque is, quem pater patratus dediderit, receptus non erit, 5 totiens causa nova nascetur; sin illa controversia causam facit, videaturne ei, quem pater patratus dediderit, si is non sit receptus, postliminium esse, nihil ad artem dicendi nec ad argumenta defensionis Mancini nomen pertinet; ac, si quid adfert praeterea 138 hominis aut dignitas aut indignitas, extra quaestionem est et ea 10 tamen ipsa oratio ad universi generis disputationem referatur necesse est. Haec ego non eo consilio disputo, ut homines eruditos redarguam; quamquam reprehendendi sunt qui in genere definiendo istas causas describunt in personis et in temporibus positas esse; nam etsi incurrunt tempora et personae, tamen 139 15 intellegendum est, non ex eis, sed ex genere quaestionis pendere causas. Sed hoc nihil ad me; nullum enim nobis certamen cum istis esse debet; tantum satis est intellegi ne hoc quidem eos consecutos, quod in tanto otio etiam sine hac forensi exercitatione efficere potuerunt, ut genera rerum discernerent eaque 20 paulo subtilius explicarent. Verum hoc, ut dixi, nihil ad me; 140 illud ad me ac multo etiam magis ad vos, Cotta noster et Sulpici: quo modo nunc se istorum artes habent, pertimescenda est multitudo causarum; est enim infinita, si in personis ponitur ; quot homines, tot causae; sin ad generum universas quaestiones 25 referuntur, ita modicae et paucae sunt, ut eas omnis diligentes et memores et sobrii oratores percursas animo et prope dicam 13. describunt PS cum codd. scribunt K. 2. modica, 'limited in number;' a rare Mancini causam: i. 40. 181. 5. totiens, so A and most of the MSS. here: Mr. Roby, § 547, calls -ies postAugustan, and on the Mon. Ancyr. we always find -iens: cp. Corssen, i. 253. Brambach, Neug. 268 f. The rule of the ancient grammarians to use -ies for numeral adverbs formed from the cardinal numbers, but totiens, quotiens, etc. is not borne out by the texts of authors: cp. Neue, ii. 171-175. 8. adfert, 'contributes,' as proper matter for oratory. 9. hominis, of the person concerned. extra quaestionem-etw ToÛ прáɣ ματος. ea ipsa oratio, i. e. what is said even upon this point. II. homines eruditos, of course with a certain irony. 13. describunt, etc., a compressed expression for describunt ita ut dicant positas esse. 14. incurrunt, 'enter in.' 18. in tanto otio: for the proverbial ' otium Graecum' cp. i. 6. 22. 23. ponitur is made to agree with multitudo, though it refers more strictly to causae. 26. percursas: cp. Or. 15. 47 'facile igitur hic noster quoniam loci certi traduntur, percurret omnes.' |