303 multi et saepe committunt; quo quidem mihi turpius videri nihil solet, quam cum ex oratoris dicto aliquo aut responso aut rogato sermo ille sequitur: 'occidit.' Adversariumne?' Immo 75 vero' aiunt 'se et eum, quem defendit.' Hoc Crassus non putat nisi perfidia accidere posse; ego autem saepissime video in causis 5 aliquid mali facere homines minime malos. Quid, illud, quod supra dixi, solere me cedere et, ut planius dicam, fugere ea, quae valde causam meam premerent, cum id non faciunt alii versanturque in hostium castris ac sua praesidia dimittunt, mediocriterne causis nocent, cum aut adversariorum adiumenta confirmant 10 304 aut ea, quae sanare nequeunt, exulcerant? Quid, cum personarum, quas defendunt, rationem non habent, si, quae sunt in eis invidiosa, non mitigant extenuando, sed laudando et efferendo invidiosiora faciunt, quantum est in eo tandem mali? Quid, si in homines caros iudicibusque iucundos sine ulla praemunitione 15 orationis acerbius et contumeliosius invehare, nonne a te iudices 305 abalienes? Quid, si, quae vitia aut incommoda sunt in aliquo iudice uno aut pluribus, ea tu in adversariis exprobrando non intellegas te in iudices invehi, mediocrene peccatum est? Quid, si, cum pro altero dicas, litem tuam facias aut laesus efferare ira- 20 3. rogato KS. post Madvigium: rogatu P cum codd. plerisque. I. quo quidem. . . quam: cp. § 38 (note). 3. rogato: for the more usual rogatu, for the sake of conformity with the preceding participles (Roby, § 1406). 4. aiunt, rarely used parenthetically without ut in Or. 11. 36' Ennio delector, ait quispiam, quod non discedit a communi more verborum: Pacuvio, inquit alius,' etc., it is doubtless employed to avoid the repetition of inquit. The only other instance quoted from Cicero by Kühner (ii. 1025) is ad Fam. ii. 10. 2. It is more common in the poets. 6. Quid? illud quod, etc.: illud is simply anticipatory of the id, which is the object of faciunt. For quid introducing a lively rhetorical question cp. i. §§ 37, 39. The sentence is best broken up into two for translation: I said just now that I was wont to give way, and to speak more plainly, to run away from points which told heavily against my case: well! when others do not do this, and take up a position in the stronghold of the enemy, and disband their own forces,' etc. 18. in PS cum 12. quae sunt in eis invidiosa, 'any unpopular features.' 15. caros: § 237. 17. incommoda, 'defects.' 18. exprobrando non intellegas: Roby, § 1384. We should more naturally make the former the main verb: 'you taunt your opponents with these, without seeing that,' etc.; more literally 'while making these a matter of reproach in the case of your opponents.' The dative is more common after exprobrare: but cp. Or, 8. 26 in hoc ipso reprehendit Aeschines quaedam.' There does not seem to be sufficient reason for rejecting in, as has been done by many editors since Lambinus. 19 mediocrene: I have admitted the -ne, first added by Sorof, not as being indispensable, but as keeping up better the parallelism of the various clauses. 20. cum dicas: the subj. is only due to the attraction of the subj.facias: otherwise we should have had the indic. as above. litem tuam facias, 'you make the quarrel your own.' cundia, causam relinquas, nihilne noceas?-in quo ego, non quo libenter male audiam, sed quia causam non libenter relinquo, nimium patiens et lentus existimor; ut, cum te ipsum, Sulpici, obiurgabam, quod ministratorem peteres, non adversarium; ex 5 quo etiam illud adsequor, ut, si quis mihi male dicat, petulans aut plane insanus esse videatur.-In ipsis autem argumentis si 306 quid posueris aut aperte falsum aut ei, quod dixeris dicturusve sis, contrarium aut genere ipso remotum ab usu iudiciorum ac foro, nihilne noceas? Quid multa? Omnis cura mea solet 10 in hoc versari semper-dicam enim saepius-si possim ut boni efficiam aliquid dicendo; sin id minus, ut certe ne quid mali. Itaque nunc illuc redeo, Catule, in quo tu me paulo ante 76 laudabas, ad ordinem conlocationemque rerum ac locorum; cuius 307 ratio est duplex; altera, quam adfert natura causarum, altera, 15 quae oratorum iudicio et prudentia comparatur: nam ut aliquid ante rem dicamus, deinde ut rem exponamus, post ut eam probemus nostris praesidiis confirmandis, contrariis refutandis, deinde ut concludamus atque ita peroremus, hoc dicendi natura ipsa praescribit; ut vero statuamus ea, quae probandi et docendi 308 20 causa dicenda sunt, quem ad modum componamus, id est vel maxime proprium oratoris prudentiae. Multa enim occurrunt argumenta; multa, quae in dicendo profutura videantur; sed 4. ministratorem codd. fere omnes: me oratorem K cum codd. aliquot. 19. de probandi et docendi causa Aby, quae verba incl. K: quae de causa dicenda sunt Adler. 1. causam relinquas, 'lose sight of your case.' For the asyndeton cp. Roby, §§ 2204, and (more fully) Kühner, ii. 747 ff. non quo ... audiam, 'not that I like to be abused:' cp. § 277, and for the mood, i. 6. 23. 3. patiens et lentus: § 279. cum te obiurgabam: Introd. PP. 14-15. For the tense see i. 24. 112. 4. ministratorem: this term denotes a kind of attorney who supplied the counsel with his facts: cp. pro Flacc. 22. 53 ‘idem hic Maeandrius quasi ministrator aderat, subiciens quid in suos civis civitatemque, si vellem, dicerem.' Antonius says that he retained sufficient coolness to find fault with Sulpicius for attacking his assistant and not himself, but we have no further indication of the nature or grounds of this attack. 5. petulans, wantonly attacking.' 6 cc. 76-81, §§ 307-332. Antonius explains his views as to arrangement, and lays it down that the strongest arguments are to be placed at the beginning or at the end. Special care is to be taken as to the introduction, which is to excite the attention of the hearer and win his favour. Brief rules are then given as to the narratio, the constitutio causae, the argumentatio, and the conclusio. 12. in quo, for which:' used commonly in Latin with verbs of praise, blame, complaint, etc. 310 eorum partim ita levia sunt, ut contemnenda sint; partim, etiamsi quid habent adiumenti, sunt non numquam eius modi, ut insit in eis aliquid vitii neque tanti sit illud, quod prodesse 309 videatur, ut cum aliquo malo coniungatur; quae autem utilia sunt atque firma, si ea tamen, ut saepe fit, valde multa sunt, ea, 5 quae ex eis aut levissima sunt aut aliis gravioribus consimilia, secerni arbitror oportere atque ex oratione removeri: equidem cum conligo argumenta causarum, non tam ea numerare soleo 77 quam expendere. Et quoniam, quod saepe iam dixi, tribus rebus homines ad nostram sententiam perducimus, aut docendo aut 10 conciliando aut permovendo, una ex tribus his rebus res prae nobis est ferenda, ut nihil aliud nisi docere velle videamur; reliquae duae, sicuti sanguis in corporibus, sic illae in perpetuis orationibus fusae esse debebunt; nam et principia et ceterae partes orationis, de quibus paulo post pauca dicemus, habere 15 hanc vim magno opere debent, ut ad eorum mentis, apud quos 311 agetur, movendas pertinere possint. Sed his partibus orationis quae, etsi nihil docent argumentando, persuadendo tamen et commovendo proficiunt plurimum, quamquam maxime proprius est locus et in exordiendo et in perorando, digredi tamen ab eo, 20. quod proposueris atque agas, permovendorum animorum causa ..possint incl. K. 18. argumentando, persuadendo et commovendo incl. K. 20. digredi PS cum codd. plurimis (Lg. 2 et Z corr.): degredi K Ell. I4. nam ... I. eorum partim . . . sunt: § 94; i. 31. 141. Roby, § 1429. 3. quod prodesse: Roby, § 1094. 4. quae autem utilia, etc. 'In the case of those arguments:' the position of the words at the beginning of the sentence must be retained in translation. 9. expendere: cp. Or. 15. 48 'nec vero (orator) utetur imprudenter hac copia, sed omnia expendet, et seliget: non enim semper nec in omnibus causis ex eisdem [locis] argumentorum momenta sunt. Iudicium igitur adhibebit, nec inveniet solum quid dicat, sed etiam expendet.' II. prae nobis est ferenda, 'must be openly put forward.' 13. sic illae resumes reliquae duae : cp. sic illam,' § 257. in perpetuis orationibus, 'throughout the whole of each speech.' 14. nam et principia possint. The whole clause is bracketed by Kayser. But there is nothing unnatural in this explanation of the preceding illae . . . debebunt and it is expressly pointed out afterwards that both the narratio (§ 326) and the conclusio (§ 332) should work upon the feelings. The reading of the best MSS. permovere cannot be sound, and is probably due to a copyist who had the preceding movendas still in his mind. The ordinary reading permanare (appearing in most MSS. as permanere) is probably only an unsuccessful attempt to emend this, and gives a very doubtful construction if it is retained, it will be necessary at least to read possit, that vis may be the subject. But under the circumstances Sorof's conjecture pertinere is not too bold, and at once cures the grammar and the sense: that they may have their influence in moving the feelings,' etc. Cp. de Off. ii. 3. 11 'quae ad vitam hominum tuendam pertinent.' 17. his partibus, dative with locus, which is not used in its technical sense. Nor is partibus = 'divisions,' but rather 'portions.' 'But though those portions of a speech. . . find their most suitable place in the exordium and the peroration, etc. 21. agas, are dealing with.' saepe utile est; itaque vel re narrata et exposita saepe datur ad 312 commovendos animos digrediendi locus, vel argumentis nostris confirmatis vel contrariis refutatis vel utroque loco vel omnibus, si habet eam causa dignitatem atque copiam, recte id fieri potest; 5 eaeque causae sunt ad augendum et ad ornandum gravissimae atque plenissimae, quae plurimos exitus dant ad eius modi digressionem, ut eis locis uti liceat, quibus animorum impetus eorum, qui audiunt, aut impellantur aut reflectantur. Atque 313 etiam in illo reprehendo eos, qui, quae minime firma sunt, ea 10 prima conlocant; in quo illos quoque errare arbitror, qui, si quando id quod mihi numquam placuit-pluris adhibent patronos, ut in quoque eorum minimum putant esse, ita eum primum volunt dicere: res enim hoc postulat, ut eorum exspectationi, qui audiunt, quam celerrime succurratur; cui si initio satisfactum 15 non sit, multo plus sit in reliqua causa laborandum, male enim se res habet, quae non statim, ut dici coepta est, melior fieri videtur. Ergo ut in oratore optimus quisque, sic in oratione 314 firmissimum quodque sit primum; dum illud tamen in utroque teneatur, ut ea, quae excellent, serventur etiam ad perorandum; si 20 qua erunt mediocria, nam vitiosis nusquam esse oportet locum, in 5. augendum PS. agendum Ell. K cum codd. plerisque. I. re narrata et exposita, 'after you have related the facts and stated your case.' 5. gravissimae goes with ad augendum; plenissimae with ad ornandum: cp. iii. 3. 12 cum vitae flore tum mortis opportunitate. et ornatum et exstinctum.' Augendum for the reading of most MSS. agendum is strongly supported by i. 21. 94 and ii. 19. 80, and has been admitted by most editors except Ell. 6. exitus, 'starting-points.' 9. in illo, sc. in respect of the 'collocatio locorum.' So in quo' and in this respect.' II. id quod mihi nunquam placuit: Cicero blames this practice in his own person in Brut. 57. 207 quo nihil est vitiosius,' as spoiling the unity of the defence, and giving rise to inconsistencies. Cp. Ascon. in Scaur. p. 20 'defenderunt Scaurum sex patroni, cum ad id tempus raro quisquam pluribus quam quattuor uteretur: at post bella civilia ante legem Iuliam ad duodenos patronos est perventum.' Cicero's own speech for Murena has probably suffered in completeness from the fact that Hortensius and Crassus had already spoken in defence of Murena, before he rose. 12. ut in quoque, i. 27. 123 (note). 13. ut exspectationi... succurratur: so the best MSS.: occurratur (retained by Pid.) would have been the more usual expression: cp. pro Cluent. 23. 63 'multa dici possunt quare ita necesse fuerit iudicari, sed ego occurro exspectationi vestrae, iudices." This means to anticipate: the phrase in the text' to assist in gratifying.' 17. ut in oratore, as in the choice of an orator:' i. 32. 144 (note). 19. excellent, are to be the best of all: cp. § 178 ' qui audiet.' 6 eo me ser serventur, 'should be reserved: ' not, as Sorof says, a rare meaning of the word: cp. ad Att. v. 17. I vari pro Planc. 5. 13 'Sin temporibus te aliis reservasti, ego quoque ... ad ea te tempore revocavi, ad quae tu te ipse servaras,' (inaccurately quoted in the lexicons based on Freund). 20. in mediam turbam atque gregem: both these terms are often used for the 315 mediam turbam atque in gregem coniciantur. Hisce omnibus rebus consideratis tum denique id, quod primum est dicendum, postremum soleo cogitare, quo utar exordio. Nam si quando id primum invenire volui, nullum mihi occurrit nisi aut exile aut 78 nugatorium aut volgare aut commune. Principia autem dicendi 5 semper cum adcurata et acuta et instructa sententiis, apta verbis, tum vero causarum propria esse debent; prima est enim quasi cognitio et commendatio orationis in principio, quaeque continuo 316 eum, qui audit, permulcere atque adlicere debet; in quo admirari soleo non equidem istos, qui nullam huic rei operam de- 10 derunt, sed hominem in primis disertum atque eruditum, Philippum, qui ita solet surgere ad dicendum, ut quod primum verbum habiturus sit, nesciat; et ait idem, cum bracchium concalefecerit, tum se solere pugnare; neque attendit eos ipsos, unde hoc simile ducat, primas illas hastas ita iactare leniter, ut et venustati 15 317 vel maxime serviant et reliquis viribus suis consulant. Nec est dubium, quin exordium dicendi vehemens et pugnax non saepe esse debeat, sed si in ipso illo gladiatorio vitae certamine, 8. orationis PS cum codd. nostra K. undistinguished mass: so Brut. 97. 332 'ut te eripias ex ea, quam ego congessi in hunc sermonem, turba patronorum : Lucr. ii. 920 praeter volgum turbamque animantum:' pro Rosc. Am. 32. 89 'verum ego forsitan propter multitudinem patronorum in grege adnumerer:' cp. 'gregarius miles' for a private soldier. 5. volgare aut commune, 'hackneyed or undistinctive:' ad Her. i. 7. 11 'vitiosum exordium est, quod in pluris causas potest accommodari, quod volgare [evTEλés: cp. Kayser, ad loc.] dicitur; item vitiosum est, quo nihilo minus adversarius potest uti, quod commune appellatur.' Whately, Rhetoric, Part I, ch. iv. § 1, calls this a just and valuable rule.' 6 6. acuta goes with sententiis as well as instructa: cp. Or. 36. 124 'principia verecunda, non elatis incensa verbis, sed acuta sententiis vel ad offensionem adversarii vel ad commendationem sui.' Quintil. iv. 1. 58 'ne quod insolens verbum, ne audacius translatum, ne aut ab obsoleta vetustate aut poetica licentia sumptum in principia deprehendatur: nondum enim recepti sumus et custodit nos recens audientium intentio.' Ar. Rhet. iii. 14; ad Her. i. 7. II. 7. causarum propria, Ɔ vulgaria. Cp. Volkmann, Rhetorik, p. 105; iii. 27. 106; and below, § 318. 8. quaeque introduces a second attribute corresponding to prima: render 'for we give an impression, so to speak, and a commendation of our speech first in the introduction, and this ought at once to charm and attract the hearer.' 9. admirari, as in § 12, with a connotation of blame rather than praise. II. Philippum, § 220: iii. 1. 4. Quint. iv. 1. 61 'turbari memoria vel continuandi verba facultate destitui nusquam turpius, cum vitiosum prooemium possit videri cicatricosa facies: et pessimus certe gubernator, qui navem, dum portu egreditur, impegit.' 14. attendere without animum, 'notice,' as in Acad. ii. 34. 111. Merguet quotes two similar instances from the speeches. It is much more common absolutely. eos ipsos, sc. gladiators. 15. leniter: cp. § 212, where lenis is contrasted with vehemens. et. . . . et here the first et introduces the more important clause, not, as often, the second: we may invert in translation, they throw their first spears without straining, not only so as to spare their strength but also so as to pay the very greatest attention to grace.' For the hastae, cp. § 325. 18. vitae certamine, 'contest for life :' for the gen. cp. Roby, § 1318. |