firmed by the public authority, notwithstanding the tenets that were defined and established by this affembly, are thofe of the whole Roman church. Pope Pius IV. lived but a fhort time after the end of this council of Trent, and was fucceeded, in 1565, by Pius V. formerly called Michael Ghilleri; a man of a melancholy and fevere difpofition. By his orders, they took from the decrees of the council of Trent, the work entitled, The Catechifm of that Council. He published a bull of excommunication against Eliza. beth, who then reigned in England, pronouncing her degraded from her royalty, and exhorting her fubjects to revolt against her. He is, however, the fame pope whom his fucceffors have fince canonized. We are the less furprifed at this, when we fee, amongst thefe popes, Gregory XIII. of the family of Buoncompagno, who openly commanded the infamous malfacre of St. Bartholomew. The fee of Rome was afterwards filled by the famous Felix. Montaltus, whom fame immortalized under the name of Sixtus Quin us. This pontiff, although of mean extraction, poffelfed a moft haughty mind; the effects of which was experienced by moft of the Chriftian princes. It was he who caufed the verfion of the Bible, called Vulgate, corrected by the council of Trent, to be printed in 1589, commanding that it thould be regarded as the only authentic one. Neverthelefs, although it was thus commanded by a law to which he gave a perpetual force, Clement VIII. at the end of a few years, published ano. ther edition of the Vulgate of Sixtus V. more exactly revised and

No. 42.

corrected than the former; ordering likewife, that, for the future, it thould be the only one made ufe of and acknowledged. The immediate fucceffors of Sixtus V. Urban VIII. Gregory XIV. and Innocent IX. held the fee but fome days, or fome months, and did nothing worthy to be tranfmitted to pofterity. Clement VIII. will appear at the beginning of the next century.

The refpe& formerly paid to the monaftic life, had very much. decreafed fince the Reformation, as that had expofed to full view their crimes and debaucheries. The monks were attacked by feve ral very able men, even of the church of Rome; but to mention Erafmus alone, will be fufficient. It was impoffible to be longer ignorant of the diforders that paffed not only within their convents, but of which the whole fociety were accused. Notwithstanding this, fome men were yet so bold, or fo fanatic, as to found new orders. Others, lefs blamable, employed themselves in reforming the old ones, and correcting the errors into which they had infenfibly fallen. By which means it frequently happened, that from the divifion of one order, two or three others were produced. That of the Minorites, or Francifcans, for example, became the ftem from which fprung out, as fo many. branches, the Recollets, the Capuchins, and the Penitents. The Carmelites likewife gave rife to another order that diftinguished itfelf by the epithet of Déchauffés, or without fhoes. It is needless to enter upon an enumeration of their orders. As to their new ones, that of the Theatins was inftituted by John Peter Caraffus,

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then bishop, but afterwards pope, under the name of Paul IV. The Barnabites were fo called from the church of Milan, which they were permitted to use, and which was dedicated to St. Barnabas. We must not omit the Fathers of the Oratory, founded by Philip of Neri; which fociety has produced many learned and famous men. The laft we fhall mention, and that which has ever been unequalled in fame, numbers, power and riches, is that called the Society of Jefus. It was founded by a Spaniard, Ignatius Loyola; he was at first a foldier, but became at Jength the most fuperftitious of all fanatics. This order borrowed many of the rules of its infli

Ignatius Loyola was born in 1491, in Guipufion in Spain. He ferved in the armies of Ferdinand, king of Spain, and was wounded and taken by the French at the fiege of Pampelona. Du ring his confinement and illness, he read the lives of the faints, and fome other books of devotion, which occafioned his firft refolution of devoting himfelf wholly to God. He afterwards made a pilgrimage into the Holy Land. Being returned to Spain, he began to study grammar at Barcelona, and afterwards went through his courfes of philofophy and divinity at Alcala, His fame increafing, the number of thofe who came to hear his inftructions increased likewife. Ignatius had then four companions, who were in a brown woollen habit, and applied themselves to the fame exercifes. This giving umbrage to the Inquifitors, he was taken up and imprifoned for fome time; but, upon the recovery of his liberty, he went to Paris, and

tution from that of the Preachers, which was founded in the thirteenth century. Pope Paul III. publicly approved and confirmed the order of the Jefuits in 1540. They profeffed an entire devotion to the will of the popes, and the interefts of the court of Rome; and thofe amongst the Jefuits who bear the name of Profeffed, add to the other vows of the Monks, a fourth vow, relative to the general obedience they are obliged to obferve to the pope alone. order, therefore, may be juftly regarded as one of the principal fupports of the Papal power. The occupation of the Jefuits confifted chiefly in the inftruction of youth, and the preaching of the Gospel to infidels, even in the remoteft parts of the earth. † On the whole there appears fo much art and fagacity

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was there fupported upon charity. Here he formed a little fociety of ten men, who fet out for Rome, in 1597, to prefent them felves in a body to the pope, in the quality of pilgrims, who intended to travel to Jerufalem. Upon the road, they pretend Ignatius had a vision, in which he faw Jefus Chrift bearing his cross, who faid to him,

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I will be favourable to thofe of Rome." From that time, Ignatius formed the defign of founding a new order.

+ It is furprifing how much this order increased in a fhort time. In 1540, the Jefuits in all were eighty-one; in 1545 they had ten houfes; in 1549 they had two provinces, one in Spain, and the other in Portugal; in 1556, when Ignatius died, they had twelve provinces; in 1608 they had twenty-nine provinces, two vice-provinces,

in all the ftatutes of the Loyolites, that no one can attribute the plan of this inftitution to fo unlearned and injudicious a man as Loyola ‡ undoubtedly was.

No fooner had this new fociety of the Jefuits obtained the pope's confirmation, than Francis Xavier, a Portuguese, commonly called the Apoftle of the Indies, fat out from Lifbon in the month of April 1541. He was the first who ever made the voyage to the East Indies for the converfion of infidels; he landed there in May 1542. From the Indies he went to Japan in 1549, and from thence would have gone to China, had not death prevented him. Xavier was indefatigable in his labours, and exposed himself to many dangers in the propagation of the Gofpel. Seve

vinces, twenty-one profeffèd houfes, two hundred ninety-three colleges, thirty-three houses of probation, and ten thoufand five hundred and eighty-one Jefuits. In the catalogue printed at Rome in 1709, there were thirty-four provinces, two vice-provinces, thirtyone profeffed houses, five hundred and feventy-eight colleges, fortyeight houfes of probation, eight feminaries, one hundred and fixty refidences, one hundred and fix miffions; in all feventeen thoufand fix hundred and fixty-five Jelu:ts.

This is fufficiently manifeit from the hiftory of the order itfelf, from the fecreta monita focietatis Jefu. They confift of private admonitions or inftructions for promoting the interefts of the order, which are lodged in the hands of the fuperiors, and by them communicated only to a few of the profeffors, under the strictelt ties of fecrecy.

ral thousand men were baptized by him, and instructed in the Chrif tian faith. The writers of his life have attributed to him many miracles, which are certainly fictitious, as we may infer from his own epiftles. Some other Jefuits, fince Xavier, have continued to preachi the Gospel in the Indies, Japan, and China, but with very indiffer ent fuccefs. The natives of the country being ftrongly attached to the worship of their falfe Gods, the Jefuits found all endeavours for their converfion ineffectual; which induced them to form another project, that of bringing back the Neftorians to their former obedience to the Roman fee. In this count: y there were many churches of that fect, founded for feveral centuries paft, and equally remark. able for the fimplicity of their wor ship, as for the purity of their doc trine. The Jefuits fucceeded in this enterprife, partly by their intrigues, but more particularly by means of the authority of the little fovereigns on whom the Neftorians depended. The affair was fully terminated in the fynod held at Diamper in 1599.

The miffionary Jefuits, upon their first arrival at Japan, were received by the natives with the greatest marks of esteem and good will; and in a very short time engaged to the profeffion of Chriftianity, not only many of the common people, but feveral even of the principal perfons of the state. This vaft kingdom feemed on the point of following their example; but the Jefuits, through their own fault, made themfelves fufpected by them, and thus loft the abundant harveft they had before reafon to expect, as we fhall fee in the hiftory of the feventeenth century. Their

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Their establishments in China fucceeded much better. One amongst them, Matthew Riccio, an Italian, being completely verfed in the mathematics, gained by that means the favour of the great, and even of the emperor himself. This procured his brethren the liberty of preaching openly the Chriftian doctrine. But in the next century we fhall fee them abufing this liberty, by altering the holy truths of religion, and condefcending to the idolatrous rights of the Chinefe, the better to infinuate themfelves into their favour, and to maintain a credit which they employed folely to the advancement of their temporal concerns.

We fhall place here the names of fome divines, and other learned men of the Roman church, who were famous in this century, and whofe writings are ftill greatly effeemed. Such were Jofs or Jodacus Clichtoveus, John Faber, bifhop of Vienna in Auftria, John Eccius, or Eckius, John Cochlæus, Albert Pighius, Ambrofe Catharinus, Melchior Canus, George Caffandrus, Laurence Surius, James

Pammelius, Michael Bajus, and many others. The facred college likewife had fome cardinals who fignalized themselves by their eloquence and learning, as Thomas de Vio Cajetanus, Reginald Polus, Cafpar Contarenus, James Sado-' let, &c. Many perfons applied themselves very fuccefsfully to the fludy of the Greek and Hebrew languages, and from them publifhed tranflations of the Holy Bible. We have before mentioned Erafmus, as one of the greateft lights of this century; we may add to them Francis Vatablus, John Ferus, Ifidorus Clarius, Alphonfus of Caftro, Sixtus of Sienna, Claudius of Efpence, John Maldanat, Alphonfo Salmeron, and Arias Montanus.

The life of this great man has been lately written by the learned Dr. Jortin, in which life the reader will find many judicious remarks on the Reformation in general, and many curious anecdotes of the lives of the great men who brought about that work.

yet, even then, too apt to mifguide, from the interruption of winds + beating back the light, or forcing it into wrong directions. And, as it is flow in kindling, fo, in the natural courfe of things, it is as flow in its diminution and decay into total temporal darkness; although frequently, and fuddenly quenched, before it arriveth at that period.

Inftinct, the great governing law of the brute world, is a much more flender taper, if it may properly be called a taper, which feems only a gleam occafionally lighted up by the divine power, foon kindled, and foon quenched in the ordinary courfe; and although less permanently, perhaps but inflantaneously luminous, yet always directed by an unerring light, being fubject to no interruption.

Appetite is a principle common to both, appointed for the prefervation both of the individuals and fpecies of each; almost always rightly directing the infe. rior animals poffeffed by it, but often hurrying the fuperior into monstrous enormities.

ftraw; but where mud is not to be found, they carry water upon their wings and tail, and turn duft into clay; and tempering that as they do mud, `make it their mor

tar.

Now, making use of the mateials before them, and adapting. them to their appointed ends, feems. to be the ordinary limits of inftinct; :; but to make new materials from the combination of fubftances feemingly different, and, at that inftant, contrary in their qualities, the one wet, and the other dry, appeareth to be the work of another power, more enlarged and enlightened than fimple inftinct, yet aiding and affifting to the attainment of its ends.

I myself was an eye-witness to fomething yet more extraordinary in that Ipecies of animals.

I refided fome time in the houfe of a friend, where a martin, a kind of fwallow fo called, built its neft at the entrance into an oldfashioned portico, flagged with fmooth ftones. The birds were unfledged, and one of them fell out of the nest, I know not how, upon the floor, and was killed; the next morning we were greatly furprifed to fee the neft neatly and clofely palifaded about, by feathers fluck deep into a mound of new mud raised about it.

Works of this kind I take to be. what Cicero calls Machinatio quedam atque folertia, a certain fubtile devifing and fagacity.

It is evident that fuch a work, formed by man, would immediately and juftly be interpreted an effect of reafon; and what lower power it can poffibly be afcribed to in inferior animals, I own I am utterly at a lofs to explain; and, therefore, I cannot help afcrib.