AQUEDUCTS.-LIST OF PLATES. PLATE PHOTO-ENGRAVINGS. I. Source of the Aqua Appia, in a very ancient Stone-quarry of the time of the Kings, on the bank of the river Anio. II. Source of another Spring of the Aqua Appia in another ancient Stonequarry, (near to the former). III. 1. THE AQUEDUCTS ABOVE SUBIACO. 2. IV. 1. 2. V. — River Anio, the Upper Lochs. the third Loch and the Bridge over it. Anio Novus, the third Loch. The Specus. Anio Novus-a Castellum Aquæ, and Line of the Specus cut in the cliff. VI. The Claudia, Anio Vetus, and Novus, and Marcia, in the Valley of the Arches below Subiaco and above Tivoli. VII. Two other Views of the Ruins of the Arcades of the Claudia and Anio Novus (in the Valley of the Arches above Tivoli). VIII. Aqueducts at Tivoli-Cascades of the Anio, with the Round Temple of the Sibyl at the top. IX. Aqueducts below Tivoli-The Marcia-a great Castellum Aquæ on the Via di Carciano, B.C. 145. X. Aqueducts below Tivoli—Aqua Marcia-Reservoir, or Castellum Aquæ. Views of the two chambers. XI. Aqueducts below Tivoli-1. Anio Novus-Castellum. 2. Marcia-Castellum rebuilt by Trajan. XII. The Claudia and Anio Novus in the Campagna of Rome, near Roma Vecchia, over the fine arcade, four miles from Rome. XIII. The Claudia and Anio Novus passing over the Marcia, Tepula, and Julia, at the Tor Fiscale, and view near the Porta Furba. b 2. Claudia and Anio Novus at the angle of the Sessorium. XV. AQUEDUCTS AT THE PORTA MAGGIORE- 1. Marcia, Tepula, and Julia, entering Rome, passing through the Wall. XVI. 1. Claudia and Anio Novus over the Porta Maggiore. 2. Anio Novus on the Cœlian, over the arch of Dolabella. XVII. 1. Arches of Nero within the Porta Maggiore, crossing the great inner 2. Aqua Marcia within the Porta Maggiore, as shewn in an excavation XVIII. 1. The Claudia and Anio Novus, in the North Wall of the Gardens PLANS AND DIAGRAMS. I. Plan of the Sources of the Appia and Virgo, in the meadows of Lucullus, on the bank of the river Anio. II. The Appia at the Porta Capena, the specus passing through one of the towers of the Porta Capena, now a gardener's cottage. III. The Appia under S. Sabba. The specus in an old stone quarry on IV. Mouth of the Appia under the Aventine, and at the Porta Trigemina, now in a Cave under S. Alexio and the Priorato. V. Aqua Appia-Reservoir in Garden of the Sessorium, now of S. Croce, called the Thermæ of S. Helena, VI. Anio Vetus.-Reservoir near the Porta Furba. VII. Loch in the Aqua Julia, near the Imperial Villa, called the Setti Bassi. VIII. Aqueducts and River Almo, near the Porta Furba. IX. The Seven Aqueducts at the Tor Fiscale. Plan and Section. X. Piscina of the Anio Novus, entering Rome through a tower in the wall of Aurelian in the garden of the Sessorium. XI. The Aqueducts at the Porta Maggiore and the Porta Tiburtina. XII. Nymphæum, where the Trophies of Marius were hung. Plan and Section. XIII. River Almo-Division into two Branches, now a Loch of the Marrana. XIV. River Almo, now the Marrana.-Entrance into Rome under the Porta XVII. Sources of the Aqua Appia, near the bank of the river Anio, in a very XVIII. Aqua Appia, or Appian Aqueduct, crossing the valley from the Cœlian to the Aventine upon the short Agger of Servius Tullius, and over the XIX. Plan and Sections of the Aqueducts in a Cave in the Aventine, under XX. Plan and Section of the Aqueducts, from the great Reservoirs on the XXI. Sections of the Specus or Conduits of fifteen different Aqueducts. Plan of the Aqueducts on parts of the Cœlian and the Esquiline Hills, from the Map of the Aqueducts on the Eastern side of Rome, from their Sources above Western side of Rome, from their Sources in the lakes on the hills, called Alseatina and Sabatina, or Anguillara. CHAPTER IV. PART I. THE AQUEDUCTS. IN treating of the Aqueducts we have a trustworthy guide in a writer who flourished in the time of the Emperors Nerva and Trajan, namely, SEXTUS JULIUS FRONTINUS". While he informs us of what improvements he made during the time he had the charge of these important public works, he also gives in his treatise a historical account of the several changes which had been from time to time made in the means of supply of water to the Imperial City, which kept pace with the growing wealth and population of Rome. When he died they had probably reached perfection, and were justly the admiration and surprise of all travellers ". His treatise is well worth examination, not only from an archæological point of view, but as suggesting also many curious enquiries as to the engineering abilities which the Romans possessed, compared with those exhibited at the present day. In elucidating, however, the architectural antiquities of the city of Rome, it will be necessary, as far as possible, to limit the extracts from his treatise De Aquæductibus, to those portions which refer either directly to existing remains, or which indirectly explain them, by pointing out the principle on which the several Roman aqueducts seem to have succeeded each other. Frontinus tells us in his fourth chapter, that "for 441 years after the building of the city, or until B.C. 312, the people were content with the water which they could draw from the Tiber, or from wells or from springs, of some of which the memory was in his time still held sacred and honoured, for they were thought to afford health to the sick d Frontinus is usually said to have died A. D. 106. See notably Plutarch, Vita Anci Marcii; Dionys., Hal. Ant. Rom., lib. iii. c. 679, sect. 9; Strabo, lib. v. ; Cassiodorus, lib. vii. cap. 6, &c. • These wells may have included the cisterns for holding rain-water, one of which exists on the Palatine. В In the best text, that of the MS. at Monte Cassino, and in the best printed edition of the text, that of Buecheler (Lipsiæ, 1858), the passage runs "Salubritatem enim ægris corporibus afferre creduntur, sicut Camanarum, et Apollinis, et Futurna." The spring of the Camænæ or Muses referred to, is that which existed in the grove outside the |