the cliff itself supplied its place; but there is on the lower side a fine wall of considerable extent and height, built of large square or oblong stones of the construction called Cyclopean Masonry ', in this instance differing little from that of the Walls of the Kings in Rome, except that the stones are rather larger, the buildingmaterial being not tufa, but a kind of calcareous stone of the country, dug on the spot. This wall has been supposed to be a portion of the fortifications of the ancient city of Tibur, but for this there does not appear to be the slightest evidence or probability. It is simply the natural construction of the material at hand, and therefore the cheapest wall that could be built for the purpose. No cement is used, because none was required; these large blocks of stone require none, and some chippings are used to fill up interstices, as usual when no cement is used. Again the wall turns the corner at both ends; it is not part of a large wall but is complete in itself, as the facing of one side of the reservoir and filtering-place, the interior of which is built of the usual concrete of rough stone and mortar, and lined with cement of the kind which holds water, Opus Signinum, used for all the aqueducts. The end is faced with Opus Reticulatum, and there are remains of niches against the wall at intervals. It was also more ornamented, because it was intended to be the one seen chiefly; the other side, being near the edge of a precipice, would only appear from a distance, and the large stones were therefore more effective in that situation. There is no reason to doubt that the whole was built together at the time that the Marcian Aqueduct was made, and it was probably restored by Augustus. It may be doubtful whether some caves in the cliff, which formed part of the reservoir, were natural or were cut, and the stone dug out from them. It is altogether a very picturesque and interesting structure. There may be a question also whether there was not a branch from this reservoir to the Villa of Hadrian at the foot of the hill, perhaps a mile lower down.

The specus of the Marcia is visible at the Ponte di S. Antonio over that of the Anio Vetus; and again, but alone, at the Ponte di S. Pietro, and it passes the Ponte Lupo with the Anio Novus, Claudia and Anio Vetus. It then continues, chiefly underground, to the great piscina before mentioned, and thence on the arcade into Rome.

After reaching the City, the branch mentioned by Frontinus, c. 87, as being carried across the valley from the Coelian to the Aventine in the time of Nerva, seems to be the one found during the ex

A great deal too much importance has been attached to this Cyclopean

Masonry, Opus Cyclopæum. See the
Chapter on the Construction of Walls.

cavation in 1868, passing over the Porta Capena at a higher level than the Appia, but still at a much lower level than the lofty arcade of Trajan, of which only, the bases of the series of piers crossing the valley now remain. The aqueducts following this line had all to cross the Via Appia, here a foss-way, on the arch of the Porta Capena. This southern branch of the Aqua Marcia is probably the one that can be traced along the side of the cliff of the Pseudo-Aventine, after it had been repaired and brought again into use, for it must be remembered that at one time, as Frontinus says, it ended at the Porta Capena.

The conduit and arcade were rebuilt by Augustus, as recorded on the inscription on his arch at the Porta S. Lorenzo, and in the sixth decree of the Senate, on the subject of the aqueducts. This branch arcade of Augustus is there expressly named as distinct from the others, all needing repairs at the time of this edict. The consuls are charged to see to "the repairs, at the expense of the city, of the streams, conduits, and arches, of the Julia, Marcia, Tepula, Anio; also of those streams and arcades which Augustus Cæsar had rebuilt."

A branch of the Marcian aqueduct was carried along the agger into the Prætorian Camp. Some leaden pipes were found there in 1742, with an inscription upon them, recording that they were of the time of the Emperor Macrinus (A.D. 217). This probably indicates either a renewal of the pipes, or an additional supply of water. The garrison in that camp was twelve thousand men, and a large supply of water must have been required for their use.

The excellent qualities of the Marcian water are mentioned by several of the classical authors, and were celebrated for a long period; they were known in England in the time of Shakespeare, as appears from the following passage in CORIOLANUS, Act ii. Sc. 3Brutus loquitur.- "What stock he springs of,

The noble house of the Marcians; from whence came

That Ancus Marcius, Numa's daughter's son,
Who, after great Hostilius, here was king:

It is probably the case that part of this supply was brought in metal pipes only, from the evidence of this inscription. A stone specus passes under the wall on the bank round three sides of the camp on the exterior of the walls, and is plainly visible at the north-east corner; but this agrees with the general character of the Anio Vetus, and

was probably a branch from that aqueduct.

The inscription is as follows:

IMP. CAES. M. OPELLI. SEVERI. MA-
CRINI. AVG

M. OPELLI. SEVERI. DIADVMENIANI.
CAES. PRINC. IV

CASTRIS. PRAETORI

TERENTIVS. CASSANDER. FECIT

Of the same house Publius and Quintus were,

That our best water brought by conduits hither;
And Censorinus, darling of the people,

And nobly named so, being censor twice,

Was his great ancestor."

There is a slight anachronism here. Coriolanus lived in B.C. 489, and the Marcian aqueduct was constructed in B.C. 145, more than three hundred years after his death. Marcius Censorinus also, who was twice Censor (the only Roman who filled that office twice), lived B.C. 294.

In the thirteenth century, the church of S. Bibiana is incidentally mentioned as being near the arcade of the Marcian aqueduct. In some excavations made in the year 1871, a portion of the Marcian arcade, built of the usual large squared stones, was shewn, passing under some high ground to the north of the Porta Maggiore, within the wall of Aurelian, in a direction to join the bank on which that wall is built, and passing between the Minerva Medica and the wall in that part. This is very near the church of S. Bibiana.

IV. TEPULA.

The sources of the Tepula and the Julia are in the valleys on either side of the promontory on which the modern town of Marino stands, the ancient Castrimonium (under the village of Rocca di Papa). That of the Julia is on the south side, and almost close under the crater now the Alban Lake. The Tepula rises near the bottom of the valley which comes down from the hills in the neighbourhood of Grottaferrata, and along which the Via Latina passes. This lies somewhat nearer to Rome than the source of the Julia; but the Julia joined it before it had advanced far, and thus the expression of Frontinus, "Marcus Agrippa intercepted the Tepula','

"[Honorius, Papa III.] Ecclesiam Sanctæ Bibianæ juxta formas aquæ Martiæ cum Monasterio Monialium restituit." (Ciaconi, Vitæ Pontif. Koman., &c., vol. ii. col. 46, C.)

An inscription recording repairs by Agrippa is said by Ligorio to have been found on a cippus of travertine at the third mile on the Via Latina. The genuineness of this is doubted by Fabretti, because the number of miles does not agree; but it seems more probable that this was an error in

transcribing, than that the inscription
should be forged without any motive
for doing so :--

AQVAE. IVLIAE. TEPVLAE.
IMP. CAES. DIVI. IVLI. F.
AVGVSTVS. PONTIF.

MAX. COS. XII. TRIB. POT.
XIX. IMP. XIII. CVRANTE
M. VIPSAN. AGRIPPA.
AEDIL. CVRVL. L. C. C.
P. MILL. X.

Another inscription, also recording re

is explained.

The waters, therefore, flow into the same series of reservoirs and cisterns which received the Marcian after they enter Rome.

Under the account of the Julia, the Aqua Crabra is mentioned. This is the little stream into which the water of the Julia and Tepula falls; which is united at the foot of the hill on which the town of Marino stands, to another stream called the Marrana, and the united water is now generally called by the latter name only ". Frontinus mentions several reasons why it was not made use of for supplying the city with water; but it was brought into Rome in the twelfth century as a small mill-stream.

Frontinus also says that the Tepula had its source at ten miles from Rome on the Via Latina, with two more miles to the right on a cross-road ". Ten miles on the Via Latina brings us near to Tusculum, at the tenth mile is the Casino de Ciampino, from which starts a cross-road to the right; and at two miles from that point we arrive at the springs called Fontanaccio, before reaching Grotta Ferrata, but close under that village. It follows that the source of the Tepula was at this place, now called Fontanaccio. The spring comes out under a cliff of the rock of lava near the road, and has a modern washing-cistern in front of it; but behind this the ancient work can be seen, with openings into a reservoir in the cliff. This is probably contemporaneous with the time that the conduit of the Tepula was made. The supply of water is small, but of good quality.

As the Aqua Tepula supplied only the Regiones in the northern part of the city, it seems to have passed into the castellum, the remains of which may still be seen in the city wall near the Porta S. Lorenzo, evidently built upon an old agger before the Aurelian wall was erected. It, however, has been a house as well, the lower part only being used as the reservoir for the water, and the upper

part, which is large and important, for chambers. The front of this house, or castellum aquæ, still forms part of the city wall. It has been much disfigured, and the old drains walled up during the restorations (!) of 1869.

On the level of the first floor, in which is part of the reservoir, is a row of corbels to carry a wooden gallery or hourd, probably an external passage for the use of the Aquarii, behind which the specus runs at the same level. Immediately above the line of the corbels which carried the floor of the gallery or balcony, is a row of large arches; but these are merely the arches of construction found in most walls of the period. At the south end of this line of corbels, which mark the extent of the castellum in that direction, there is an angle, and the wall recedes a few feet. In this angle is the specus, corresponding in form and dimensions with that of the Aqua Tepula in other parts; it can be seen entering into the reservoir behind the line of corbels. Within the wall are the usual marks of a reservoir of water : the tartar deposit remains visible in the corners of the chambers cut through by the wall of Aurelian, or by the engineers of the Acqua Felice, whose specus runs behind it on the bank within the wall which formed the front of the house. The specus of the Acqua Felice is here at rather a higher level than the Marcian arcade, with the three specus upon it, although at the "Sette Bassi," five miles from Rome, and near the piscine, it is at a lower level. On the bank just above the level of the ground are the water-drains (hidden by the restorers in 1869) for carrying off the superfluous water into a large subterranean drain which runs under the gateway, and which is still in use for purposes of irrigation.

V. JULIA.

Frontinus states that the source of the Julia was at twelve miles on the Via Latina, with two more miles added on a cross-road to the right. The twelfth mile is at Frascati; from thence, by a cross-road to the right, we arrive at the bridge of the Squaricarelli, and at the copious springs called the Fontanile, exactly two miles from the starting-point at Frascati. This must, therefore, be the source of the Aqua Julia.

"... ad milliarium ab urbe duodecimum via Latina, diverticulo euntibus ab Roma dextrorsus millium passuum duum alterius aquæ proprias vires collegit et Tepulæ rivum intercepit. Acqui

sitæ aquæ ab inventore nomen Julia datum est, ita tamen divisa erogatione, ut maneret Tepulæ appellatio."-(Frontinus, c. 9.)