From this reservoir the three aqueducts, Marcia, Tepula, and Julia, were carried along the side of the old road to the inner gate in the great agger of Servius Tullius on the Viminal, where the railway station has now been made, and where the three Roman princes carried on excavations in 1869, in which they found the upper specus; that of the Julia, which was left open for a time, passing between the cippi or boundarystones, with inscriptions upon them, recording that the three aqueducts passed there between them. Another division of the Marcia went along the same line as the Arches of Nero to the Coelian, and along that hill as far as the great reservoir over the arch of Dolabella; then turning to the left or south, it came to an end above or over the Porta Capena. These words may mean either, in the reservoir on the cliff of the Coelian Hill just above the gate, rebuilt in the time of Trajan, of which the remains are shewn in 1147*; or, in the reservoir in the valley close to the west side of that gate (also rebuilt in the time of Trajan, and now a gardener's house, as before mentioned). In that case it must have passed over the gate, and the specus that is cut in the wall of the western tower belonged to it (710*). The general plan of the Aqua Marcia near its source is shewn in 1972*, and the line of its course in 1981*, 1982*; the bridge for it in 1983*. In the early part of its course, above Tivoli, the new aqueduct for this water, called the Aqua Marcia Pia, is carried on a stone specus upon an arcade, after the same fashion as the old one (a portion of this new arcade is shewn in No. 1553). IV. THE TEPULA, and V. THE JULIA, i Supra Portam Capenam, F. i. 19. V. JULIA. Between this building and the gate, but within the wall, though on the bank on which it stands, are slight remains of another castellum aquæ, supposed to have been for the Julia (Nos. 26, 869, 1873), which has its external face in the direction of the wall, and must have been concealed by it when that was built. This is also of the first century, as is shewn by the brickwork, and it seems to have been a castellum aque by the disproportional size of the buttresses used to support the weight of the water, one of the invariable marks of such a structure. The other mark is the peculiar cement with which the wall is lined, called Opus Signinum in Latin, Coccio Pesto in Italian, which is made of broken pottery, and is the hardest cement that is known; it is often impossible to break it, even after it has been exposed to the weather for centuries. A plan and section of the ground between the two gates, called by Frontinus Esquilina (S. Lorenzo) and Viminalis (Maggiore), shew the difference of level, and the three aqueducts passing underground in the middle between the two gates, and carried on arches at both ends near the gates (see No. 1938*). The plan of the ground at the sources of the Tepula and Julia is given in 1980*. VI. THE VIRGO (NOW CALLED AQUA DI TREVI) WAS MADE IN THE YEAR OF ROME 732, B. C. 21. This aqueduct has its sources in the meadows of Lucullus, on the banks of the river Anio, on the old Via Collatia, eight miles from Rome, about a mile further than the Aqua Appia, not at the same level, but comparatively near the surface. There are several springs, each of which has its own separate reservoir just below the surface of the ground; in some of them the vault is scarcely perceived. These are also called conduit-heads (864, 863, 862). From each of these small reservoirs a conduit runs into the central reservoir (860, 861), which is considerably larger, circular in form, surrounded by a wall, lined with the cement called coccio pesto, and one part of this central reservoir under the road now remains. This is near Salone, with its medieval tower. (See the Plan, 1155*.) From this large central reservoir the surplus water is carried off by short conduits into the country ditches, and so into the river Anio. The main specus into Rome begins at the central reservoir, and runs generally underground along the line of the old Via Collatina, now called Lunghezza. The course of the aqueduct can be clearly traced by the small pyramidal or conical structures over the wells at regular intervals, called Respirators (660*), or which might have been called Ventilators, as they give air to the specus below. It runs in the high bank of the old road for two or three miles, behind the ruin called Torre d' Scavi, supposed to be the Thermæ of the Gordiani, in a direct line towards the Porta Maggiore; but about half-amile before arriving there, it turns sharp to the north along the bank of the great foss or valley, and being underground is traced by the Respirators. Further to the north, beyond S. Agnes, at some little distance, the old line can be traced in the catacomb of S. Priscilla on the Via Salaria, where the specus is visible, half filled up with the deposit of clay (1109*, 1466). In the road on the bank on which the Wall of Aurelian is built, near the Porta Salaria, it can be traced by the low arcade at the foot of the wall which is built upon it (5). But when the line was altered, it was carried still further to the north, and it enters Rome under the garden of the French Academy (the Villa Medici); it here is marked by two cippi (2088, 2089), with inscriptions upon them, and under the garden is a large reservoir very deep, level with the ground in the great foss on the outside, and with the Campus Martius inside the walls. It was then divided into two branches, one of which went along the Via de Condotti, the other along the Via del Nazzareno (83, 1108*) to the Fountain of Trevi, rebuilt in A. D. 1735 (1356); originally, it went to the north end of the Septa, near the Pantheon. Some remains of this were shewn in 1871 in the Piazza di S. Ignazio (2326). The specus can be seen, with an inscription upon it recording repairs by the Emperor Claudius (82), in the yard behind a house near the Palazzo del Buffalo. The plan of the ground at the sources of the Aqua Virgo (or de Trevi), is given in 1968*, and Sections of it in 1979*. VII. THE ALSEATINA. This aqueduct was made by Augustus in the year of Rome 763, A.D. 10, to bring water for his great Naumachia, or sham naval battles in the Trastevere; the water was not good for drinking. It was brought from the lake called Alseatina, in the hills on the western side of Rome. It is altogether distinct from the great series of aqueducts on the eastern side. The source can be seen in the bank of the lake, and the specus or subterranean conduit can now be entered, the water of the lake having recently been drained, and reduced to a much lower level. To these was added from another lake about three miles distant from the Alseatina, another branch called the Sabatina. The two conduits were united after a few miles near the old city of Cariæ, at a castellum aquæ or reservoir, now made into a house, and called the Osteria Nuova. The Alseatina was at the lowest level of all the aqueducts, and it is now very difficult to see any remains of it, except the specus in the lake at its source. Trajan afterwards adopted the Aqua Sabatina, but omitted the Alseatina, and carried the Sabatina at the highest level instead of the lowest (see Aqua Sabatina, Aqueduct X.) Pope Paul V., who restored these aqueducts to use, went back to the Alseatina lake, and his specus can be seen there on a different side of the lake to that of Augustus; both are now left dry. There is, near the junction at the Osteria Nuova, a remarkable flight of steps for the use of the aquarii, or the men who had charge of the aqueducts. It passes through the upper specus, and goes down to the lower one (No. 2959*). The respirators of these two lines can be seen and traced; they are of a different size and form. The two can be seen close together at the Osteria Nuova (No. 2960*). The specus is also seen in No. 2961*. VIII. THE CLAUDIA, AND IX. THE ANIO NOVUS, A. D. 38-52. These two aqueducts were made together, or were so closely connected that we cannot separate their history, although they were not the same water; the Anio Novus came from some miles higher up the river Anio * See Frontinus de Aqueductibus, caps. 11, 18, 22, and 71. than the Claudia. The latter was, like the previous aqueducts, taken from springs, that were intercepted before they fell into the river Anio; but the Anio Novus was part of the river itself, in which a gigantic loch was made by building a great wall across it, about a hundred yards in front of a natural waterfall, and forcing the water to flow over it, forming a magnificent cascade, and at the same time causing some of the water to flow through the specus which was cut in the cliff by the side of the river, at a rather lower level than the top of the wall. The sources of the Claudia are below this cascade, those of the Anio Novus are above it. The line of each of these aqueducts is distinct in all the early part of its course; but after they come down to the valley of the Campagna of Rome, at the Piscina, the two are carried on the same fine lofty arcade into Rome. These were the highest, and passed over the Marcian arcade with the three aqueducts upon it. They form the finest feature in the landscape on the eastern side of Rome. The sources are above Subiaco, and in what is considered by artists as some of the most picturesque scenery in the world. The photographs illustrating this are very numerous, the subjects being some of the best that can be imagined for this purpose. The history of these two most important aqueducts can now be better seen in this series of photographs than in any other manner, and better understood than by any written description of them, after the outline of their history is once given. They were begun in the year of Rome 789, A.D. 38, under the Emperor Caius Cæsar, or Caligula; carried on and completed by his successor, Clau dius, in the year of Rome 803, A.D. 52. They were therefore fourteen years in construction, according to Frontinus; but Nero was then married to Octavia, he was the actual governor of Rome, and he carried on the great work upon what are called the Arches of Nero, along the Cœlian Hill, as far as the arch of Dolabella, where a large reservoir for this water was built. This work was afterwards carried on by his successors in three branches, one to the Colosseum, a second to the Palatine, and over it to the Capitol, and a third to the Aventine. Frontinus himself, who has left us his admirable treatise on the subject, had the direction of these works for many years; he was Curator Aquarum under the Emperors Nerva and Trajan, and some of the greatest works were done in his time,-at his suggestion, and according to his plans. Some of the sources of the Claudia were in the lake of S. Lucia, below Subiaco, between that and Vico Varo (see 1536). In its course through the hills the specus is almost entirely underground, and cannot be shewn in photographs; but the line of its course is shewn in the map of the aqueducts from Rome to Subiaco, reduced by photography in Nos. 1967* to 1984*, especially in Nos. 1976*, 1978*, 1979*, 1981*. It crosses mountain streams on the bridges called Ponte Lupo (1532) and Ponte di S. Antonio (1530); and an inscription relating to it, of A. D. 88, is given in No. 1976*. When it reaches the level ground of the Campagna, nearly on the same level as the hills of Rome, the piscina for it is subterranean, and only the summit of this is visible, looking like a tumulus only (688); but from this the specus is seen to emerge, at first only just above ground, but gra 1 Frontinus de Aqueductibus, cap. 13, 14, 18, 20. dually getting higher (or the soil, in fact, is getting lower), until it is carried on the grand series of arches or arcades across the country, which remain nearly perfect for some miles, as far as the Sette Bassi and Roma Vecchia. In 1002, a long line of this arcade is shewn with the Claudian specus upon it, and the Anio Novus over that in many places; the two can readily be distinguished, by the Claudian being built of large blocks of stone (with the edges chamfered off), and the Anio Novus being faced generally with brick, occasionally with opus reticulatum. Nearer to Rome, this fine arcade has been very much damaged, or carried off altogether as building material by the farmers, and by the engineers of Pope Sixtus V. to build the Aqua Felice; but some portions of the old arcade remain, and are shewn in No. 1006, where the distinction between the two specus comes out very clearly. In 1005, two of the brick arches with which it had been strengthened by Trajan are shewn, the stone-work having all been carried away. In 689*, a plan and section of the Torre Fiscale is shewn, with the crossing of six aqueducts. 528 is a view of this tower and of the arches of the aqueducts crossing each other under it, with the Aqua Felice in the background. 529 shews the arch of the Claudia separately, and the con struction of it, with the Aqua Felice passing under this arch of the Claudia. 530 gives very distinctly the arch of the Marcia, Tepula, and Julia, with that of the Claudia passing over it. 531 and 532 are more distant and general views of that tower, and the aqueducts passing under it. 1439 is a side view of it, and of the old tombs on the Via Latina in that part. 1004 shews the arches of the Claudia and Anio Novus in perspective, and the opening into the specus of the Claudia. In 550, another fine portion of the arcade is shewn, with brickwork of Trajan. The Porta Furba and a long line of the arcade is seen in the distance. 548 shews the Porta Furba at another crossing, with the fountain, and a portion of the arcade of the Felice; with the Marrana in the bed of the river Almo passing under it. 62 is a portion of the Claudian arcade, about half a mile nearer to Rome, with the arches filled up with brickwork of the time of Trajan; at this point there is another crossing. 63 shews a portion of the brickwork of Trajan, originally built to strengthen the stone arcade; but the latter has been carried away by the engineers of the Felice. 549 shews some interesting repairs of the time of Nero, with massive square buttresses faced with reticulated work. 70 is a medieval tower at the angle of the garden of the Sessorian Palace, now of the monastery of S. Croce, near the point where the aqueduct enters the wall. 547 shews the interior of the Tower and a piscina, at the entrance into Rome, the four chambers of which are visible, the inner wall of this tower having been destroyed; and into the interior of this the water of the Claudia entered in the first chamber and went out at the fourth. This photograph also shews the remains of a large castellum aquæ, now forming part of the Wall of Rome, on the north side of the garden, with a continuation of the arcade in the Wall of Rome in this part. In 544 the specus of the Claudia is plainly visible on the top of the wall, and remains of the Anio Novus over it. In the distance are seen some of the arches of Nero, across the valley and foss (?), from the angle near the Porta Maggiore to the Coelian Hill. This garden might very naturally be called by Lampridius "The Garden of the |