quia illi in tanto malo turpis vita integra fama potior fuit, improbus intestabilisque videtur.1

68. Metellus, postquam de rebus Vagae actis comperit, paulisper maestus e conspectu abit; deinde, ubi ira et aegritudo permixta sunt, cum maxima cura ultum ire injurias festinat. Legionem, cum qua hiemabat, et quam plurimos potest Numidas equites pariter cum occasu solis expeditos educit, et postera die circiter horam tertiam pervenit in quandam planitiem, locis paulo superioribus circumventam. Ibi milites fessos itineris magnitudine et jam abnuentes omnia? docet oppidum Vagam non amplius mille passuum3 abesse, decere illos reliquum laborem aequo animo pati, dum pro civibus suis, viris fortissimis atque miserrimis, poenas caperent; praeterea praedam benigne ostentat. Sic animis eorum arrectis, equites in primo late, pedites quam artissime ire et signa occultare jubet.

69. Vagenses ubi animum advertere ad se versum exercitum pergere, primo, uti erat res, Metellum esse rati, portas clausere, deinde ubi neque agros vastari et eos, qui primi aderant, Numidas equites vident, rursum Jugurtham arbitrati cum magno gaudio obvii procedunt. Equites peditesque repente signo dato alii vulgum effusum oppido caedere, alii ad portas festinare, pars turres capere; ira atque praedae spes amplius quam lassitudo posse. Ita Vagenses biduum modo ex perfidia laetati; civitas magna et opulens cuncta poenae aut praedae fuit.5 Turpilius, quem praefectum oppidi unum ex omnibus profugisse supra ostendimus, jussus a Metello causam dicere,6

1 Respecting the connection of nisi—videtur, instead of the complete expression nisi hoc constat - eum videri, see p. 96, note 1. Intestabilis, properly, a person unfit to give his evidence, and incapable of making a will; hence, according to Roman usage, equivalent to 'infamous;' detestabilis, which also properly signifies one deserving to be excluded in the will,' or ' to be disinherited.'

2 Declining everything;' that is, refusing to obey any order that was given them.

3 Passuum might also be passus. See Zumpt, § 116, note.

In primo, at the head,' or 'in front,' the line being spread out (late), so as to conceal the infantry marching behind the cavalry.

5 The whole town was given up to punishment or booty.' We cannot say urbs poenae fuit alone; but the dative poenae is explained by the common expression praedae fuit, with which it is connected.

6 Ordered to defend himself' against the charge of treachery which was brought against him. For a reus (a person standing accused of a crime) causam dicit; that is, conducts his case, or defends himself. Turpilius was condemned by the war council, and paid the forfeit with

postquam sese parum expurgat, condemnatus verberatusque capite poenas solvit ; nam is civis ex Latio erat.

70. Per idem tempus Bomilcar, cujus impulsu Jugurtha deditionem, quam metu deseruit, inceperat, suspectus regi et ipse eum suspiciens, novas res cupere, ad perniciem ejus dolum quaerere, diu noctuque fatigare animum; denique omnia temptando, socium sibi adjungit Nabdalsam, hominem nobilem, magnis opibus, carum acceptumque popularibus suis, qui plerumque seorsum ab rege exercitum ductare et omnes res exequi solitus erat, quae Jugurthae fesso aut majoribus astricto superaverant ;2 ex quo illi gloria opesque inventae. Igitur utriusque consilio dies insidiis statuitur; cetera, uti res posceret, ex tempore parari placuit; Nabdalsa ad exercitum profectus, quem inter hiberna Romanorum jussus habebat, ne ager inultis hostibus vastaretur.3 Is postquam magnitudine facinoris perculsus ad tempus non venit metusque rem impediebat,4 Bomilcar simul cupidus incepta patrandi et timore socii anxius, ne omisso vetere consilio novum quaereret,5 litteras ad eum per homines fideles mittit, in quîs mollitiem socordiamque viri accusare, testari deos, per quos his life, after having previously been scourged. This ancient severity, according to which the condemned was bound to a post, and scourged with rods on his naked body, had been abolished by a lex Porcia for Roman citizens. See page 54, note 2. For this reason Sallust adds the remark, that Turpilius was a citizen from Latium; that is, he did not possess the full Roman franchise, but only that part of it which was not incompatible with his retaining the franchise in some Latin town. Such half-citizens or Latins, to whom the Roman franchise was given in this manner, that thereby they acquired the right to settle in the territory of Rome, and become members of a Roman tribe, provided they renounced their Latin franchise, were at that time still very numerous; but they ceased to exist in B. c. 91, when what were called the Latin towns received the Roman franchise.

1He tormented himself day and night with the thought.' Respecting this paraphrase of one's own person by the word animus, see Zumpt, $ 678.

2 Quae Jugurthae-superaverant, which had been left for Jugurtha;' that is, which he himself had not been able to accomplish.

3 That the open country might not be laid waste by the enemy in such a manner as to leave the enemy unpunished' (inultis).

Metusque impediebat. The imperfect describes the lasting condition of the matter, while the perfect, venit, expresses the momentary act, and the clause metus impediebat represents an inserted clause denoting cause: metus enim rem impediebat.

5 Bomilcar was seized with fear in consequence of the timidity shown by Nabdalsa.

6 In quis--accusare. The historical infinitive in a relative clause is very rare, but in quis here supplies the place of et in his.

juravisset, monere ne praemia Metelli in pestem converteret; Jugurthae exitium adesse; ceterum suane an virtute Metelli periret, id modo agitari;1 proinde reputaret cum animo suo, praemia an cruciatum mallet.

71. Sed quum hae litterae allatae,2 forte Nabdalsa exercito corpore fessus in lecto quiescebat, ubi cognitis Bomilcaris verbis primo cura, deinde, uti aegrum animum solet,3 somnus cepit. Erat ei Numida quidam negotiorum curator, fidus acceptusque et omnium consiliorum nisi novissimi particeps. Qui postquam allatas litteras audivit, ex consuetudine ratus opera aut ingenio suo opus esse, in tabernaculum introiit, dormiente illo epistolam, super caput in pulvino temere positam, sumit ac perlegit, dein propere, cognitis insidiis, ad regem pergit. Nabdalsa post paulo experrectus ubi neque epistolam repperit et rem omnem, uti acta erat, cognovit, primo indicem persequi conatus, postquam id frustra fuit, Jugurtham placandi gratia accedit; dicit quae ipse paravisset facere perfidia clientis sui praeventa ;5 lacrimans obtestatur per amicitiam perque sua antea fideliter acta, ne super6 tali scelere suspectum sese haberet.

72. Ad ea rex, aliter atque animo gerebat,7 placide respondit. Bomilcare aliisque multis, quos socios insidiarum cognoverat, interfectis iram oppresserat, ne qua ex eo negotio seditio oriretur. Neque post id locorum Jugurthae dies aut nox ulla quieta fuit, neque loco neque mortali cuiquam aut tempori satis credere, cives hostesque juxta metuere, circumspectare omnia et omni strepitu pavescere, alio atque alio loco saepe contra decus regium noctu requiescere, interdum somno

"The question only was, whether Jugurtha should perish by their (that is, Bomilcar and Nabdalsa's) valour, or by that of Metellus,' since his doom was fixed at all events. Id agitari for id agi, which in this sense is far more frequent.

2 Allatae; supply essent, an ellipsis, which is not very common after a conjunction, governing the subjunctive.

3 Solet; supply capere.

4 Repperit; for the orthography of this word, see Zumpt, § 22.

6

5 Res praevenitur, a thing is anticipated,' or 'something is done previously, is found very rarely instead of occupatur. Homo praevenitur, ' a person is anticipated in a thing,' is more common.

6 Super, the same as de. See Zumpt, § 320.

7' Differently from what he carried in his mind;' that is, from what he intended in his mind.

excitus arreptis armis tumultum facere; ita formidine quasi vecordia exagitari.1

73. Igitur Metellus, ubi de casu Bomilcaris et indicio patefacto2 ex perfugis cognovit, rursus tamquam ad integrum bellum cuncta parat festinatque. Marium, fatigantem de profectione, simul et invitum et offensum sibi parum idoneum ratus, domum dimittit. Et Romae plebes, litteris, quae de Metello ac Mario missae erant, cognitis, volenti animo de ambobus acceperant.3 Imperatori nobilitas, quae antea decori, invidiae esse; at illi alteri generis humilitas favorem addiderat; ceterum in utroque magis studia partium quam bona aut mala sua moderata.4 Praeterea seditiosi magistratus vulgum exagitare, Metellum omnibus contionibus capitis arcessere, Marii virtutem in majus celebrare. Denique plebes sic accensa, uti opifices agrestesque omnes, quorum res fidesque6 in manibus sitae erant, relictis operibus frequentarent Marium? et sua necessaria post illius honorem ducerent. Ita perculsa nobilitate post multas tempestates novo homini consulatus mandatur, et postea populus a tribuno plebis Manlio Mancino rogatus, quem vellet cum Jugurtha bellum gerere,

1 A beautiful and vivid description of a man who is conscious of his guilt, and is pursued by all: it is a situation which would have paralysed the mental energy of even the most enterprising barbarian.

2 Indicio patefacto is a kind of pleonasm, as indicio facto would be sufficient; for indicium fit, res ipsa (that is, conjuratio) patefit-'the denunciation is made, the conspiracy is revealed.'

3 Plebs-acceperant for acceperat, plebs being a collective noun. Zumpt, § 366.

4' However, the party-zeal was in both men more decisive than either their virtues or their faults.' Moderata sunt, from the deponent moderor, 'I determine,' 'I guide;' as in Cicero, mens moderatur omnia, 'the mind determines everything.' Sua bona aut mala, their own virtues or vices,' in apposition to the party-zeal of others. Suus here is not reflective, but only designates something as opposed to that which belongs to another. See Zumpt, § 550.

5 Arcessere, to summon before a court of justice,' with the genitive of the crime or punishment. The forms arcessere and accersere have the same meaning, but arcessere is more frequent in the sense of 'to summon,' or 'to accuse.'

• Res fidesque, 'property and credit.'

7 Crowded around Marius,' whenever he appeared in public, to show him their attachment. Post honorem Marii ducerent, the same as postponerent honori Marii, the preposition in this sense being commonly joined to the verb. Compare Cat. chap. 23.

frequens Marium jussit. Sed senatus paulo ante Metello decreverat; ea res frustra fuit.1

74. Eodem tempore Jugurtha amissis amicis, quorum plerosque ipse necaverat, ceteri formidine, pars ad Romanos, alii ad regem Bocchum2 profugerant, quum neque bellum geri sine administris posset, et novorum fidem in tanta perfidia veterum experiri periculosum duceret, varius incertusque agitabat. Neque illi res neque consilium aut quisquam hominum satis placebat; itinera praefectosque in dies mutare, modo adversum hostes, interdum in solitudines pergere, saepe in fuga ac post paulo in armis spem habere, dubitare, virtuti an fidei popularium minus crederet; ita quocunque intenderat, res adversae erant. Sed inter eas moras repente sese Metellus cum exercitu ostendit. Numidae ab Jugurtha pro tempore parati instructique; dein proelium incipitur. Qua in parte rex pugnae affuit, ibi aliquamdiu certatum, ceteri ejus omnes milites primo congressu pulsi fugatique. Romani signorum et armorum aliquanto numero,3 hostium paucorum potiti ; nam ferme Numidas in omnibus proeliis magis pedes quam

arma tuta sunt.4

75. Ea fuga Jugurtha impensius modos rebus suis diffidens cum perfugis et parte equitatus in solitudines, dein Thalam pervenit, in oppidum magnum atque opulentum, ubi plerique thesauri filiorumque ejus multus pueritiae cultus erat. Quae

1 From this instance, we see that the popular assembly was sovereign in the Roman state; that is, when the people were called upon to decide a question, which happened but rarely, since it was customary to leave to the senate the provinces and the current administration of foreign affairs.

2 Bocchus, king of Mauretania, west of Numidia, and extending as far as the Ocean, opposite to Spain. It accordingly comprised the modern empire of Fez and Morocco.

3The Romans gained possession of a considerable number of standards.' The adjective aliquantus, with the exception of the neuter in an absolute sense, is rarely used. We have here to observe the varying construction of potior. See Zumpt, §§ 465, 466. Sallust often prefers variety to uniformity.

4 Tuta sunt might also be tuentur; for the perfect is here used of things which usually happened, and still happen. Tuta is less common than tuita or tutata, which in this passage is found in some good manuscripts, and must perhaps be received into the text.

5 Impensius modo may be still more strongly,' his despondency having already been mentioned; or modo is the ablative, and impensius modo is stronger than the (ordinary) measure; that is, beyond measure, ultra modum.

* Cultus is everything belonging to the regulation of life, apart from