4

Hae sunt meae imagines, haec nobilitas, non hereditate relicta, ut illa illis, sed quae egomet plurimis laboribus et periculis quaesivi. Non sunt composita mea verba; parum id facio; ipsa se virtus satis ostendit; illis artificio opus est, ut turpia facta oratione tegant. Neque litteras Graecas didici; parum placebat eas discere, quippe quae ad virtutem doctoribus nihil profuerunt.2 At illa multo optima rei publicae doctus sum, hostem ferire, praesidia agitare,3 nihil metuere nisi turpem famam, hiemem et aestatem juxta pati, humi requiescere, eodem tempore inopiam et laborem tolerare. His ego praeceptis milites hortabor, neque illos arte colam, me opulenter, neque gloriam meam laborem illorum faciam. Hoc est utile, hoc civile imperium. Namque quum tute per mollitiem agas, exercitum supplicio cogere,5 id est dominum, non imperatorem esse. Haec atque talia majores vestri faciundo seque remque publicam celebravere.6 Quis nobilitas freta, ipsa dissimilis moribus, nos illorum aemulos contemnit, et omnes honores non ex merito, sed quasi debitos a vobis repetit. Ceterum homines superbissimi procul errant. Majores eorum omnia, quae licebat, illis reliquere, divitias, imagines, memoriam sui praeclaram; virtutem non reliquere, neque poterant; ea sola neque datur dono neque accipitur. Sordidum me et incultis moribus aiunt, quia parum scite convivium exorno, neque histrionem ullum, neque pluris pretii coquum quam villicum habeo.7 Quae mihi libet confiteri, Quirites;

mentioned lances, bridles, chains worn round the neck (torques), bracelets (armillae), pins or brooches (fibulae) to fasten the cloak, and crowns (coronae). It was less common, but very honourable, to receive a flag (vexillum) attached to a pole.

1'I consider this as something too unimportant.' Parum is used substantively.

2 Greek literature has not benefited its professors (that is, the Greek nation) in regard to political virtue,' inasmuch as the Greek states had been unable to protect their political liberty either against kings and tyrants, or against foreigners. Virtus signifies especially 'bravery,'' valour;' but it has also a more general meaning, comprising justice, abstinence, and the sacrificing of one's own advantages.

3 Praesidia agitare, 'to keep watch,' to maintain the posts intrusted to us for the protection of friends against the attacks of enemies. 4 Arte colere, ' to keep close;' opulenter colere, to treat liberally. 5 To compel by bodily punishment.'

6 Celebravere; that is, extulerunt, auxerunt. Celebrare properly signifies 'to make or render frequent;' that is, to bring into repute, and therefore to fill with men, buildings or other objects.

7 'I have no cook worth more than a steward.' Marius here assails

nam ex parente meo et ex aliis sanctis viris ita accepi, munditias mulieribus, viris laborem convenire, omnibusque bonis oportere plus gloriae quam divitiarum esse; arma, non supellectilem decori esse. Quin ergo quod juvat, quod carum aestimant, id semper faciant; ament, potent, ubi adolescentiam habuere, ibi senectutem agant, in conviviis, dediti ventri et turpissimae parti corporis; sudorem, pulverem et alia talia relinquant nobis, quibus illa epulis jucundiora sunt. Verum non est ita. Nam ubi se flagitiis dedecoravere turpissimi viri, bonorum praemia ereptum eunt. Ita injustissime luxuria et ignavia, pessimae artes, illis, qui coluere eas, nihil officiunt, rei publicae innoxiae cladi sunt.3 Nunc, quoniam illis, quantum mores mei, non illorum flagitia poscebant, respondi, pauca de re publica loquar. Primum omnium de Numidia bonum habete animum, Quirites; nam quae ad hoc tempus Jugurtham tutata sunt, omnia removistis, avaritiam, imperitiam atque superbiam. Deinde exercitus ibi est, locorum sciens, sed mehercule magis strenuus quam felix; nam magna pars ejus avaritia aut temeritate ducum attrita est.5 Quamobrem vos, quibus militaris aetas est, adnitimini mecum et capessite rem publicam, neque quemquam ex calamitate aliorum aut imperatorum superbia metus ceperit. Egomet in agmine, in proelio consultor idem7 et socius periculi vobiscum adero, meque vosque in omnibus rebus juxta geram. Et

6

the luxury of others, who considered a clever cook worth more than a clever steward. Both kinds of people were slaves; the villicus was the principal and overseer of all the servants engaged in agriculture_on the estate (villa) of a Roman noble. Coquus is also spelled cocus. See Zumpt, § 5.

6

This form of The subjune

1 Quin ergo-faciant, why, then, will they not do?" expression contains an exhortation to do something. tive, therefore, does not depend upon quin, but upon the optative meaning of the sentence. See Zumpt, § 542.

2 Ereptum eunt, they endeavour to snatch away,' or 'they snatch away.'

3 Cladi sunt, they are a destruction;' the same as calamitosae, perniciosae sunt.

4 That is, 'you have removed (deposed) the greedy, inexperienced, and haughty commanders.' Marius alluding to his predecessors, Bestia, Albinus, and Metellus.

5 Attrita, worn away,' 'annihilated,'' sacrificed.'

6 Serve the republic,'' devote yourselves to the public good.'

7 Both as an adviser and sharer in the danger.' Idem indicates the union of two predicates belonging to one subject. See Zumpt, § 697. I shall treat myself and you in the same manner.'

profecto dis juvantibus omnia matura sunt, victoria, praeda, laus; quae si dubia aut procul essent, tamen omnes bonos rei publicae subvenire decebat. Etenim nemo ignavia immortalis factus est, neque quisquam parens liberis, uti aeterni forent, optavit, magis, uti boni honestique vitam exigerent. Plura dicerem, Quirites, si timidis virtutem verba adderent; nam strenuis abunde dictum puto.'

86. Hujuscemodi oratione habita Marius, postquam plebis animos arrectos videt, propere commeatu, stipendio, armis aliisque utilibus naves onerat; cum his A. Manlium legatum proficisci jubet. Ipse interea milites scribere, non more majorum, neque ex classibus, sed uti cujusque libido erat, capite censos plerosque.2 Id factum alii inopia bonorum, alii per ambitionem consulis memorabant, quod ab eo genere celebratus auctusque erat, et homini potentiam quaerenti egentissimus quisque opportunissimus cui neque sua curae,3 quippe quae nulla sunt, et omnia cum pretio honesta videntur. Igitur Marius cum aliquanto1 majore numero, quam decretum erat,

1 Decebat, a peculiarity of the Latin language for deceret. See Zumpt, § 518.

2 In this way Marius introduced a great change in the military affairs of Rome. Previous to his time, only the citizens of the first five property classes were enlisted to serve in the legions. Those persons whose property did not come up to the lowest estimate of the fifth class, were excluded from the honourable service in the legions. They were capite censi, because when the censors made out their lists, those persons had only to give in their personal existence or name for registration. Their being called 'the sixth class' is an improper application of the term, as, strictly speaking, classis signifies only a property class.' As the number of persons of this kind was at that time (B. C. 107) already very considerable, and as there were among them many both able and willing to serve in the army, and lastly, as Marius was opposed to all exclusive privileges, he enlisted those poor people who voluntarily offered themselves in the legions, and thus created an army of able men, and accustomed to endure hardships. The higher orders did not object to this measure, because it lightened their burdens connected with the service in the army. But however useful this arrangement was at the time, it contained the elements of a body of soldiers distinct from the citizens, for when the time of their military service was over, those men did not feel inclined to return to a quiet citizen's life, and thus became a very powerful and ready instrument in the hands of ambitious generals, such as Sulla and Caesar.

6

3 Sua curae; another reading is cura sunt, the sense of which is nearly the same. Sua, a person's own property,' or 'all that belongs to him,' including the state itself.

4 With a considerably larger army. About this meaning of aliquanto with a comparative, see Zumpt, §§ 108, 488.

in Africam profectus paucis diebus Uticam1 advehitur. Exercitus ei traditur a P. Rutilio legato; nam Metellus conspectum Marii fugerat, ne videret ea, quae audita animus tolerare nequiverat.

87. Sed consul expletis legionibus cohortibusque auxiliariis in agrum fertilem et praeda onustum2 proficiscitur; omnia ibi capta militibus donat, dein castella et oppida natura et viris parum munita aggreditur; proelia multa, ceterum levia, alia aliis locis facere. Interim novi milites sine metu pugnae adesse,3 videre fugientes capi aut occidi, fortissimum quemque tutissimum, armis libertatem, patriam parentesque et alia omnia tegi, gloriam atque divitias quaeri. Sic brevi spatio novi veteresque coaluere, et virtus omnium aequalis facta. At reges, ubi de adventu Marii cognoverunt, diversi in locos difficiles abeunt. Ita Jugurthae placuerat speranti mox effusos hostes invadi posse, Romanos sicuti plerosque remoto metu laxius licentiusque futuros.4

88. Metellus interea Romam profectus contra spem5 suam laetissimis animis excipitur, plebi patribusque, postquam invidia decesserat, juxta carus. Sed Marius impigre prudenterque suorum et hostium res pariter attendere, cognoscere quid boni utrisque aut contra esset, explorare itinera regum, consilia et insidias eorum antevenire, nihil apud se remissum neque apud illos tutum pati. Itaque et Gaetulos et Jugurtham ex sociis nostris praedas agentes saepe aggressus in itinere fuderat, ipsumque regem haud procul ab oppido Cirta armis exuerat. Quae postquam gloriosa modo neque belli

1 Utica, the most important city in the province of Africa: it was a more ancient Phoenician colony than even Carthage. In the second Punic war, after it had revolted from Carthage, it was rewarded by the Romans with freedom and independence. Its present name is Biserta, north-west of Tunis.

2 Laden with booty;' that is, filled with things which can be taken as booty.

3

Pugnae adesse belong together, to take part in the battle.' Marius's plan was well calculated, as he inspired his soldiers with courage before leading them to labour and hardship.

4 Futuros; supply esse,' they would behave;' hence the adverbs. See Zumpt, § 365.

5'Contrary to his expectation;' for spes is often used in the general sense of expecting,' or 'looking forward to' anything, whether good or bad.

6 Armis exuere, 'to disarm;' here the same as 'conquer' or 'defeat,' intimating that the enemies take to flight, leaving their arms behind.

patrandi cognovit, statuit urbes, quae viris aut loco pro hostibus et adversum se opportunissimae erant,2 singulas circumvenire; ita Jugurtham aut praesidiis nudatum,3 si ea pateretur, aut proelio certaturum. Nam Bocchus nuntios ad eum saepe miserat, velle populi Romani amicitiam; ne quid ab se hostile timeret.4 Id simulaveritne, quo improvisus gravior accideret, an mobilitate ingenii pacem atque bellum mutare solitus, parum exploratum est.

89. Sed consul, uti statuerat, oppida castellaque munita adire, partim vi, alia metu aut praemia ostentando avertere ab hostibus. Ac primo mediocria gerebat, existimans Jugurtham ob suos tutandos in manus venturum.5 Sed ubi illum procul abesse et aliis negotiis intentum accepit, majora et magis aspera aggredi tempus visum est.6 Erat inter ingentes solitudines oppidum magnum atque valens, nomine Capsa,7 cujus conditor Hercules Libys memorabatur. Ejus cives apud Jugurtham immunes,8 levi imperio et ob ea fidelissimi habebantur, muniti adversum hostes non moenibus modo et armis atque viris, verum etiam multo magis locorum asperitate. Nam praeter oppido propinqua alia omnia vasta, inculta, egentia aquae, infesta serpentibus, quorum9 vis sicuti omnium ferarum inopia cibi acrior; ad hoc natura serpentium ipsa per

1 'Not calculated to bring the war to a close.' See Zumpt, § 662. 2 Adversum se erant is a combination of two constructions-adversum se essent and adversum eum erant of which we have already observed several instances. Compare chap. 66, and p. 127, note 6.

3 To nudatum supply fore, which is to be taken out of the following esse; he hoped that Jugurtha would either be deprived of his fortified places, or be compelled to fight.'

4 Ne quid-timeret, (requesting him) not to fear anything;' the imperative of the oratio recta is expressed in the oratio obliqua by the subjunctive. See Zumpt, § 603.

5 In manus venire, to come within reach,' 'engage in close combat ;' for manus conserere, which is much more frequent.

It seemed to be time;' that is, it seemed to be a favourable moment, or it seemed to be advisable; hence the infinitive aggredi. Zumpt, § 659, note.

7 Capsa, a town in the eastern part of Numidia, between the river Bagradas, which empties itself into the sea not far from Carthage, and lake Tritonis: it is believed still to exist under the name of Cafza, and to have been founded by the African Hercules; that is, by Phoenicians; for the Phoenician conquests are ascribed to a Phoenician Hercules, and the north coast of Africa was the principal scene of the enterprises of those seafaring conquerors.

8 Immunis, 'exempt from taxes.'

9 Other editions have quarum instead of quorum. See Zumpt, § 78,

note.