196

CINCINNATUS. FABII. SCAURI.

[XI 85-91

deinceps erogabitur. Veg. IV 7. cf. III 3. Philo cited xii 101. 89 DOMITO Sen. ep. 86 § 5 of Scipio abluebat corpus laboribus rusticis fessum. exercebat enim opere se terramque, ut mos fuit priscis, ipse subigebat. Mart. Iv 64 33. Sil. vIII 371.

XXXVI

MONTE II 73 74 populus modo victor et illud | montanum positis audiret vulgus aratris. vI 5. XIV 161-172. Hor. c. III 6 37-44. Arat. phaen. 118 schol. Ov. f. III 779-82. Claud. cons. Mall. Theod. 89 toties a rure profectus | lictor et in mediis quaesitus consul aratris. Plin. XVIII § 39 qui triumphales denas argenti libras in supellectile crimini dabant, qui mortuo vilico relinquere victorias et reverti in rura sua postulabant,...exercitusque ducebant senatu illis vilicante. § 111 nimirum sic habitaverant illi qui hoc imperium fecere tantum, ad devincendas gentes triumphosque referendos ab aratro aut foco exeuntes, quorum agri quoque minorem modum obtinuere quam sellaria istorum. For praises of agriculture see III 67 n. XIV 181-9. Cic. p. Rosc. Am. §§ 50 51 e g. cum ab aratro arcessebantur qui consules fierent.....illum Atilium, quem sua manu spargentem semen qui missi erant convenerunt. off. 1 § 151 Beier. VM. IV 4 § 4 (see the whole chapter) illi enim praedivites, qui ab aratro arcessebantur ut consules fierent. Plin. XVIII § 10 notices some families (Lentuli, Cicerones, Fabii, Pisones, Pilumni) named from their devotion to these pursuits. Grat. cyn. 321-2. Sil. 1 614.

90-119 When Cato and Fabricius kept men in awe, and censors were a terror to their very colleagues, none cared to rifle the ocean for tortoiseshell; an ass's head, rudely cut in brass, sole ornament of the couch, was crowned for the feast, and about it the peasant children used to romp. Innocent of Greek art, the soldier defaced work of famous engravers, his share of booty, to adorn his horse or helmet; the wolf that suckled the Quirini, Mars with spear and shield, these were the decorations of his choice. He dined off earthen platters, saving such silver as he had to deck his arms. Yet then was heaven near to Rome; a divine voice foretold the inroad of the Gauls. So watchful was Iuppiter, as yet of clay, unspoilt by gold. Tables too were then of native timber, some chance windfall of an old walnut tree.

The

90 FABIOS II 145 146 generosior...Fabiis. VIII 14 n. 191 n. most famous censor of the Fabia gens was Q. Fabius Maximus Rullianus, colleague of P. Decius B.C. 304. Joined with Cato also Sen. ep. 86 § 10 di boni, quam iuvat illa balnea intrare obscura et gregali tectorio inducta, quae scires Catonem tibi aedilem aut Fabium Maximum aut ex Corneliis aliquem manu sua temperasse. CATONEM II 40. Mart. x 2 12 triste supercilium durique severa Catonis frons. Cato maior was censor B.C. 184 (Liv. Xxxix 40—44. Plut. Cat. Mai. 15 seq. Sen. ep. 87 §§ 9 10. VM. II 9 § 3).

DURUM

91 SCAUROS II 35. VI 604. Hor. c. 1 12 37, where, as in Cic. (p. Mur. §§ 16. 36. p. Font. § 14-24. p. Sest. § 39. Brut. § 111. Drumann Gesch. Roms 1 28) and VM. (v 8 § 4 Scaurus, lumen ac decus patriae) this M. Aemilius Scaurus, cons. B.C. 115 (when he passed a sumptuary law Plin. VIII § 223 glires quos censoriae leges princepsque M. Scaurus in consulatu non alio modo cenis ademere ac conchylia aut ex alio orbe convectas aves), censor B.C. 109, is held up as a model of virtue. But see Sallust Iug. 15 § 4 Aemilius Scaurus, homo nobilis, inpiger factiosus avidus potentiae honoris divitiarum, ceterum vitia sua callide occultans. Quintil. vI 1 § 21 Cicero and Asinius, the one speaking for the younger Scaurus, the other for the

91-94]

FABRICII. OCEANO FLUCTU. TESTUDO.

197

father, urged in mitigation nobilitas et merita maiorum. On the generic plur. cf. I 109 n. p. 140. Dräger hist. Synt. § 6 b. Neue 12 394-5. Cic. p. Cael. § 39 if there is a youth scorning delights and living laborious days, he is divinely endowed. ex hoc genere illos fuisse arbitror Camillos, Fabricios, Curios omnisque eos, qui haec ex minimis tanta fecerunt. § 40 verum haec genera virtutum non solum in moribus nostris, sed vix iam in libris reperiuntur. Plin. pan. 13 Fabricios et Scipiones et Camillos. 55 visuntur eadem e materia Caesaris statuae, qua Brutorum, qua Camillorum. The family was extinct Sen. suas. 2 § 22 Scaurum Mamercum in quo Scaurorum familia extincta est. Tac. vI 29 Mamercus dein Scaurus rursum postulatur, insignis nobilitate et orandis causis, vita probrosus...Scaurus, ut dignum veteribus Aemiliis, damnationem anteiit. Sen. ben. IV 31 §§ 3-5 on the infamy of this Scaurus.

FABRICIOS

II 154. Ix 141 142 argenti vascula puri, | sed quae Fabricius censor notet. C. Fabricius Luscinus, cons. B.C. 282 and 278, in his censorship B.C. 275 removed from the senate P. Cornelius Rufinus, for possessing ten pounds of silver plate (Liv. periocha 14. Plut. Sull. 1. Sen. vit. beat. 21 § 3. Salvian. de gub. Dei 1 p. 10 Baluz. Sen. contr. 9 § 8 hoc scio nostros fugisse maiores,...hoc Fabricium Samnitium non accipientem munera, hoc ceteros patres nostros, quos apud aratra ipsa miñantes pecora sua circumsteterunt lictores. ib. §§ 17 18. Plin. Ix § 118 contrasts the jewels of Lollia Paulina, the spoils of provinces, with the old frugality: comparet nunc aliquis ex altera parte quantum Curius aut Fabricius in triumphis tulerint; imaginetur illorum fercula. XXXIII § 153 Fabricius, qui bellicosos imperatores plus quam pateram et salinum habere ex argento vetabat, videret hinc dona fortium fieri aut in haec frangi. heu mores, Fabricii nos pudet! Gell. Iv 8 [the chapter treats of Fabricius]. XVII 21 § 39. VM. 11 9 § 4 [the chapter de censoria nota]. Tert. apol. 6). Aug. c. Iulian. Iv § 17 who but a Pelagian will give the name of just to an infidel? sit licet ille Fabricius, sit licet Fabius, sit licet Scipio, sit licet Regulus, quorum me nominibus, tamquam in antiqua Romana curia loqueremur, putasti esse terrendum. 92 COLLEGA the censors M. Livius Salinator and

C. Claudius Nero B.c. 204 VM. II 9 § 6 Nero et citari collegam et equum vendere iussit...Salinator quoque eadem animadversione Neronem persecutus est. cf. id. VII 2 § 6. Liv. XxIx 37. Becker 11 (2) 216-8. Mommsen Staatsr. 112 363-9. 94 OCEANO

FLUCTU XV 23 n. mare oceanum nom. in Ampel. 1 7. Unger paradox. Theb. 396. Zumpt § 257 n. Freund s. v. Heins. on Claud. p. 249. Burman anth. 11 296. Neue 12 642-3. The tortoiseshell was brought from the mare Indicum Plin. Ix § 35. TESTUDO VI 80. XIV 308. Verg. g. 11 463. Mart. Ix 59 9 testudineum...hexaclinon. id. XII 66 5 gemmantes prima fulgent testudine lecti. id. XIV 87. Plin. Ix § 39 testudinum putamina secare in laminas lectos que et repositoria his vestire Carvilius Pollio instituit, prodigi ac sagacis ad luxuriae instrumenta ingenii. ib. xvi §§ 232-3 nec satis: coepere tingui animalium cornua, dentes secari lignumque ebore distingui, mox operiri. placuit deinde materiam et in mari quaeri. testudo in hoc secta. nuperque portentosis ingeniis principatu Neronis inventum ut pigmentis perderet se plurisque veniret imitata lignum. sic lectis pretia quaeruntur... modo luxuria non fuerat contenta ligno, iam lignum et testudinem facit. id. xxxIII § 146 triclinia of tortoiseshell came into fashion under Tiberius. Sen. ben. VII 9 § 2. Lucian asin. 53 (translated by Apul. met. x 34) kλívŋ

198

SIMPLE LIFE OF ANCIENT HEROES. [XI 91-98

ἦν μεγάλη ἀπὸ χελώνης Ινδικῆς πεποιημένη, χρυσῷ ἐσφηκωμένη. Clem. Alex. paed. II 3 § 35. Varro in Non. s.v. culcita. Varro 1.1. Ix § 47. dig. XXXII 100 § 4 cui testudinea legata essent, ei lectos testudineos pedibus inargentatis deberi. Marquardt v (1) 318. Luc. cited 123. 95 TROIUGENIS I 100 n. Hdn. II 3 § 4 Glabrio traced his pedigree to Aeneas. FULCRUM VI 22. Prop. IIIII 13 21 when I die, let me not be buried in state nec mihi tum fulcro sternatur lectus eburno. supports decorated with sphinxes and other figures Becker Gallus II 249. 96 NUDO LATERE ET PARVIS Ov. m. I 19 20 frigida pugnabant calidis, umentia siccis, | mollia cum duris, sine pondere (Tos ävev ßápovs ovσw) habentia pondus. Lucr. 1 774 non animans, non exanimo cum corpore, ut arbos. Cic. orat. § 4 in poetis non Homero soli locus est,......aut Archilocho aut Sophocli aut Pindaro, sed horum vel secundis vel etiam infra secundos. Suet. Caes. 43 dispositis circa macellum custodibus, qui obsonia contra vetitum retinerent. Vesp. 4 et industriae expertae nec metuendus. Nägelsb. Stylistik § 75 2. Nep. Iph. 3 § 2 bonus...civis fideque magna. Heusinger on Nep. Att. 8 § 2. Ov. m. II 403 404 firma suique | roboris. Tac. Iv 31 compositus alias et velut eluctantium verborum. Capitolin. Maximin. 2 § 5 semibarbarus et vix adhuc Latinae linguae.

PARVIS III 203.

FRONS

(VM. II 10 § 3 lecti illius frontem Macedonicis triumphis...adornatam) is the head of the couch. The sides were plain, not inlaid with ivory or tortoiseshell. Liv. xxxIx 6 § 6 B.c. 187 not only the outrages reported from the provinces, sed ea etiam magis, quae in militibus...quotidie adspiciebantur. § 7 luxuriae enim peregrinae origo ab exercitu Asiatico invecta in urbem est. ii primum lectos aeratos [Cic. Verr. Iv § 60], vestem stragulam pretiosam,...et, quae tum magnificae supellectilis habebantur, monopodia et abacos Romam advexerunt. § 8 epulae quoque ipsae et cura et sumptu maiore apparari coeptae. of rude workmanship and small cost.

97 VILE CORONATI ASELLI

Ov. f. vI 311 ecce coronatis panis dependet asellis. ib. 347. The head was crowned with vine-leaves, the ass being sacred to Bacchus (and Vesta, Ov. 1. 1., Lydus de mens. Iv 59. Prop. Iv 1 21 Vesta coronatis pauper gaudebat asellis). Hygin. fab. 274 antiqui autem nostri in lectis tricliniaribus in fulcris capita asellorum vite alligata habuerunt, significantes suavitatem [? asinum vitem conj. Reines.] invenisse. Pausan. II 38 § 3 sculpture of an ass at Nauplia, in gratitude for its invention (by the example of its browsing) of pruning. Britannicus compares the Etruscan superstition Colum. x 344 345 hinc caput Arcadici nudum cute fertur aselli | Tyrrhenus fixisse Tages in limite ruris. Pallad. 1 35 § 16. Markland 'vetus kalendarium mensis Iunii: vi iduum asinus coronatur.'· 98 LASCIVI playful: cf. XIV 168 seq. RURIS ALUMNI the children (slave perhaps as well as free XIV 168 169) romped while the warriors dined Suet. Claud. 32 Torrent. adhibebat omni cenae et liberos suos, qui more veteri ad fulcra lectorum sedentes vescerentur. id. Aug. 64. Tac. x 16. Becker Gallus 3 141. Marquardt v (1) 183 n. 1126. The grave fathers of the state were men of Luther-like simplicity of character; their children grew up under their eyes, not under the care of a Graecula ancillula or a paedagogus; there was nothing in their life to be ashamed of, nothing dictu foedum visuque; no stiff etiquette to be maintained. cf. Agesilaos equitans in harundine longa with his boy Ael. v. h. x 15, where are like frisks of Herakles, Sokrates and Archytas. VM. VIII 8.

98-104] GREEK ART UNKNOWN. ROMULEA FERA.

308.

199

99 Markland 'dubitari potest de hoc versu.' 100 RUDIS ET GRAIAS MIRARI NESCIUS ARTES III 61 seq. n. VIII 100-110 n. Liv. xxv 40 § 1 B.C. 212 Marcellus, ut non modo suam gloriam, sed etiam maiestatem populi Romani augeret, ornamenta urbis, signa tabulasque, quibus abundabant Syracusae, Romam devexit. § 2 inde primum initium mirandi Graecarum artium opera licentiaeque huic sacra profanaque omnia vulgo spoliandi factum est, quae postremo in Romanos deos...vertit. Cato ib. XXXIV 4 e.g. § 4 infesta, mihi credite, signa ab Syracusis illata sunt huic urbi. iam nimis multos audio Corinthi et Athenarum ornamenta laudantes mirantesque, et antefixa fictilia deorum Romanorum ridentes. § 5 ego hos malo propitios deos. Sall. Catil. 11 § 6 speaking of Sulla's Asiatic campaign ibi primum insuevit exercitus populi Romani amare potare, signa tabulas pictas vasa caelata mirari, ea privatim et publice rapere, delubra spoliare. Plin. XXXVII § 12. Roman magistrates anciently refused to reply even to Greeks except in Latin VM. 11 2 § 2 Periz. Quintil. 15 § 60. Suet. Claud. 16. Here contempt of the fine arts is meant Aen. vI 842-854. Vell. I 13 §§ 4 5 Mummius tam rudis fuit, ut capta Corintho [B.C. 146], cum maximorum artificum perfectas manibus tabulas ac statuas in Italiam portandas locaret, iuberet praedici conducentibus, si eas perdidissent, novas esse reddituros. non tamen puto dubites, Vinici, quin magis pro republica fuerit manere adhuc rudem Corinthiorum intellectum quam in tantum ea intellegi, et quin hac prudentia illa imprudentia decori publico fuerit convenientior. Strabo 381 Polybius was present and bewails the soldiers' contempt of works of art. he saw with his own eyes έρριμμένους πίνακας ἐπ ̓ ἐδάφους, πεττεύοντας δὲ τοὺς στρατιώτας ἐπὶ τούτων. ib Mummius being generous, but no connoisseur, freely gave to such as asked. Flor. 1 32=11 16 §§ 6 7. Cic. off. I § 35. II § 76 Beier. [DChrys.] 37 11 123 R v0рwrоs dπaideuros [Mummius] kai μndevòs tŵv kaλŵv πеπеiрaμévos. Thirlwall vIII1 453 454. Marquardt v (2) 209. 102 VIII 102-110. 103 PHALERIS XVI

FRANGEBAT 18.

60 n. Liv. XXII 52 § 5 of the booty taken at Cannae si quid argenti, quod plurimum in phaleris equorum erat; nam ad vescendum facto perexiguo, utique militantes, utebantur.

PHALERIS

GAUDERET ECUS Plin. vIII § 12 when Antiochus was trying a ford Aiax [an elephant], who otherwise always led the van, hung back. tum pronuntiatum eius fore principatum qui transisset, ausumque Patroclum ob id phaleris argenteis, quo maxime gaudent, et reliquo omni primatu donavit. 104 ROMULEAE

SIMULACRA FERAE Aen. VIII 630-4 from Ennius (Servius), description of the shield made by Vulcan fecerat et viridi fetam Mavortis in antro procubuisse lupam; geminos huic ubera circum | ludere pendentes pueros et lambere matrem inpavidos, illam tereti cervice reflexa mulcere alternos et corpora fingere lingua. Ov. f. II 413-420. Schwegler 1 361. 397 n. 424 n. 20. B.C. 296 Liv. x 23 § 12 the aediles ad ficum ruminalem simulacra infantium conditorum urbis sub uberibus lupae posuerunt. DH. 1 79 in his time the same group of ancient work was to be seen at the place. The wolf is still preserved in the Capitoline museum. Burn Rome and the Campagna 157. dict. geogr. 11 723 where it is figured. It is the subject of countless works of art, and Rome still keeps a live wolf on the Palatine and on the Capitol. Claud. cons. Prob. 96-99 of a shield wrought by Vulcan hinc patrius Mavortis amor fetusque notantur | Romulei, pius amnis inest et belua nutrix. | electro

200

GEMINOS QUIRINOS. TUSCO CATINO. [XI 104-108

Tiberis, pueri formantur in auro; | fingunt aera lupam; Mavors adamante coruscat. The wolf was sacred to Mars (Schwegler 1 241 n. 2. 415 n. 3), who had a statue on the Appian way ad simulacra luporum Liv. XXII 1 § 12. Sil. v 144-5. MANSUESCERE Fabius Pictor in DH. 1 79 dè λύκαινα οὐ μάλα ἀγριαίνουσα τῶν ἀνθρώπων τῇ προσόδῳ, ἀλλ ̓ ὥσπερ ἂν χειροήθης, ἀποστᾶσα τῶν βρεφῶν ἤρεμα...ἀπῄει. καὶ ἦν γάρ τις οὐ πολὺ ἀπέχων ἱερὸς χῶρος ὕλῃ βαθείᾳ συνηρεφής, καὶ πέτρα κοιλὴ πηγὰς ἀνιεῖσα. Arn. IV 3 quod abiectis infantibus pepercit lupa non mitis, Luperca, inquit, dea est auctore appellata Varrone. ex rerum ergo proventu, non ex vi naturae dea ista est prodita? et postquam feros morsus immanis prohibuit belua, et ipsa esse occepit et ipsius nominis significantiam traxit? So Kroesos was said to have been suckled by a bitch (Hdt. I 122. Iustin. XLIV 4 § 12), Habis by bitches and sows (he was thrown to the creatures when ravenous from a long fast, but hurt by none, suckled by some ib. §§ 5 6.) 105 IMPERII FATO Plin. VIII § 61 quae de infantibus ferarum lacte nutritis, cum essent expositi, produntur, sicut de conditoribus nostris a lupa magnitudini fatorum accepta ferri aequius quam ferarum naturae arbitror.

QUIRINOS Romulus and Remus are called gemini Quirini as Castor and Pollux are called Castores (Minuc. Oct. 22 § 7. Auson. grat. act. fin. Serv. g. III 89. Symm. ep. 195, where also Polluces gemini) and geminus Pollux (Hor. c. 111 29 64) and so possibly geminus Castor (Ov. a. a. 1 746), Polluces (Symm. ep. 1 89), a king and queen reges, a brother and sister fratres, father- and mother-in-law soceri (add to Neue Stat. Th. x1 217. xII 201). Bentley on Hor. s. 1 1 100. Burman on Quintil. 1 835. II 806. Orelli inscr. 4583. Apul. met. II 7. Beda in Migne xc 134. Neue 12 598. 602. So in Sp. hermanos, hijos. 106 NUDAM III 216 n. Addison remarks on Italy: Rome [1 463 Bohn] the old sculptors generally drew their figures naked, that they might have the advantage of the different swelling of the muscles, and the turns of the body.'

་

CLIPEO VENIENTIS

ET HASTA Verg. ecl. x 24 venit et agresti capitis Silvanus honore. ['coming with spear and shield': 113 Gallis venientibus. Lucr. III 833 n. ad confligendum venientibus undique Poenis. Venire seems almost a technical word for soldiers coming in a hostile way: Livy often has sub signis venientes and the like.' H. A. J. M.] Addison (p. 464) 'the sculptor..., to distinguish him from the rest of the gods, gave him what the medallists call his proper attributes, a spear in one hand and a shield in the other.' Spear the symbol of Mars Marquardt Iv 5. 107 PENDENTIS Addison (followed by Spence Polymetis dial. 7 p. 77) with schol. makes this a second group, Mars 'descending upon the priestess Ilia' (see Addison's pl. 8 ser. Iv Bohn). Lessing (Laokoon c. 7 the long note) retorts: the text makes no allusion to the priestess, who imports a hysteron proteron into the passage. Teuffel (cl. O. Müller's Denkmäler XXIII n. 252-254 where Mars visits Rea Silvia naked, or with a mantle hanging behind him, and bearing shield and spear) makes only one group: the twins suckled in a grotto by the wolf, watched by their father Mars, who bends over them. cf. Verg. pronus pendens in verbera. 108 Suet. Caes. 57 Casaubon.

I 141 n. Phaedr. 1 28 5. v 4 3.

PONEBANT TUSCO CATINO

20 n. III 168 n. Pers. II 59 60 aurum vasa Numae Saturniaque impulit aera, | Vestalesque urnas et Tuscum fictile mutat. Mart. XIV 98 Arretina nimis ne spernas vasa monemus. | lautus erat Tuscis