(C) Compound Verbs.

A compound verb is either (a) a primary compound or (8) a derivative compound.

(a) A primary compound retains, with occasional abbreviations, the conjugation of the original verb which stands at the end;

it is

(aa) The original verb with a prepositional prefix, as damno, con-demno; moneo, ad-moneo; salio, de-silio; scribo, de-scribo, &c,

(bb) The original verb with an adverb prefixed, as volo, magis-volo=malo, non-volo=nolo; lego, nec-ligo; satis-do, sat-ago,

&c.

(cc) The original verb, with another verb prefixed; as assuefacio, pate-facio, condoce-facio, perterre-facio, arces-so (for arcessino), venum-do, &c.

(B) A derived compound verb is of the first or fourth conjugation; it is formed from a compound noun, and changes the conjugation of the verb which stands at the end, if the compound noun ended in a verb-root, unless the original verb was also of the first conjugation; thus we have per-nocto (-āre) from pernox, tergi-versor (-āri) from tergum vertens, im-pedio (-ire) from in pede, ir-retio (-ire) from in reti, il-laqueo (-āre) from in laqueum, e-rudio (-īre) from e rudibus, 'out of foils;' aedi-fico (-are) from aedem faciens, multi-plico (-āre) from multi-plex, ampli-fico (-āre) from amplum facio, mori-geror (-āri) from morem gerere, &c.

Obs. Verbs, which have reduplicated perfects, generally lose the reduplication when they are compounded with a preposition. Thus from tondeo, totondi we have detondeo, detondi. But compounds with do, sto, disco, posco, and most of those with curro, retain their reduplication; thus we have circumdedi, adstiti, edidici, repoposci, excucurri. But in circumcurro, recurro, succurro, transcurro we have no reduplication of the perfect.

120 Compounds are called (a) determinative when the first part of the word defines the second; as interrex, cognomen, beneficus, latifundium, laticlāvus, &c.; (b) syntactical, when the first word is governed by the second; as agricola, opulentus, signifer,

aequiparo, breviloquens, &c.; (c) auxiliary, when two verbs come together, and the second helps the former; as ama-vì for ama-fui, ven-do for venum do, arcesso for ac-cedere sino; (d) possessive, when the first part denotes the manner of the thing possessed; as crassipes, 'thick-footed,' alipes, 'wing-footed,' and the negatives expers, 'without a share in,' inermus, 'without arms,' &c. Those compounds which consist of more than two constituent parts are called decomposita; as su-ove-taur-ilia, in-de-fessus, &c.; and those which are made up of words from different languages are termed hibridae; as epiredium or epirrhedium, from èrí and rheda, dextrocherium from dexter and xeíp, monoculus from μóvos and oculus.

PART II.

SYNTAX, OR THE CONSTRUCTION OF WORDS.

CHAPTER I.

FIRST PRINCIPLES AND GENERAL RULES.

§ 1. Subject and Predicate.

121 (1) Syntax or construction (i. e. arrangement' or 'putting together in order') gives the rules of speech or speaking.

(2) Speech or speaking consists of sentences or thoughts expressed in words.

(3) A sentence or expression of thought (propositum effatum) is called a Proposition or Enunciation, and consists of, or may be resolved into, three parts-the Subject, the Copula, and the Predicate.

(4) The Subject is some noun substantive, pronoun, or other designation of a person or thing, about which we say, predicate, or tell something; the Copula is some finite mood and tense of the verb 'to be,' or some other verb not involving a distinct predicate; and the Predicate is some adjective or other general term, which is predicated or asserted of the subject: thus, in the sentence, Deus est bonus, 'God is good,' Deus is the subject, est the copula, and bonus the predicate.

(5) The Predicate and Copula are very often included in some form of a finite verb, thus equus currit, the horse runs,' is equivalent to equus est currens, 'the horse is running.'

(6) The whole sentence may be contained in a finite verbal form. This is especially the case when the nominative is one of the personal pronouns; indeed, these are never expressed unless some emphasis is intended; as in the lines of Terence (Adelph. III. iv. 10 sqq.):

'In te spes omnis, Hegio, nobis sita est:

Te solum habemus; tu es patronus, tu pater;

Si deseris tu, periimus.'

But Cæsar, writing to the senate, after his victory over Pharnaces, says, Veni, vidi, vici, where three complete sentences, 'I came, I saw, I conquered,' are included in three words: because every one knew who was the agent.

(7) The nominative is also very frequently omitted when the verb shows what it must be: thus we say pluit, it rains,' i. e. caelum; advesperascit, 'it grows towards evening,' sc. dies: sometimes with a pronoun; as luciscit hoc jam, this is growing light,' sc. caelum (Plautus, Amphitr. 1. iii. 45).

(8) Impersonal verbs supply their nominative from the particular word, phrase, or sentence which depends upon them; as pudet me errare, 'to err shames me,'' the fact of erring causes shame unto me,' i. e. 'I am ashamed to err;' pudet me facti,' that which belongs to the action causes me shame,' i. e. 'I am ashamed of the action;' curritur a me, it is run by me,' 'there is running caused by me,' i. e. 'I run.'

§ 2. Different kinds of Predicates.

122 There are three different kinds of Predicates:

(A) Primary, when there is nothing between the subject and predicate except the copula, either expressed or implied; as in the instances given above.

(B) Secondary, when the predicate is connected with the subject through a verb, which already contains a primary predicate; as pii orant taciti, the pious pray in silence;' which is equivalent to pii sunt orantes et sunt taciti, 'the pious are (1) praying and they are (2) silent,' or 'the pious are silent when they pray.'

(C) Tertiary, when the secondary predicate is used in an oblique case; thus in tu solus es, 'you are alone,' solus is a primary predicate; in tu solus adjuvisti nos, 'you alone have assisted us,' i. e. 'you have assisted us, and you are alone in that,' solus is a secondary predicate; but in te solum habemus, 'we have you alone,' i. e. 'we have you, and you are the only one whom we have,' solum is a tertiary predicate.

According to these definitions, (A) primary predicates are direct; (B) secondary predicates are oblique or adverbial; and (C) tertiary predicates are both oblique and adverbial: in other words, (A) primary predicates are either finite verbs including a copula, or the nominatives of nouns and participles predicated through a copula; (B) secondary predicates are either adverbs, nouns used adverbially, or the oblique cases of nouns with or without a preposition; (C) tertiary predicates are words in agreement with oblique cases of nouns.

§3. Accessory parts of a sentence.

123 In order to understand fully the application of the doctrine that there are three kinds of predicates, it is desirable to enumerate here all the accessory parts which can enter into a simple sentence in Latin, and also the most obvious of the subordinate sentences which serve as secondary predications.

A simple sentence may consist of the following parts in addition to the subject and primary predicate:

(1) The object or person addressed in the vocative case, which is merely interjectional.

(2) A verb in the infinitive mood, when the verb which contains the primary predicate does not convey a complete conception; as qui non vult intelligi non debet legi, 'he who is not willing to be understood, is not entitled to be read.'

(3) A noun or pronoun in the accusative case expressing the immediate object of a transitive verb; as manus manum lavat, '(one) hand washes (another) hand;' ego amo te, 'I love thee;' panem et aquam natura desiderat, nature requires bread and

water.'

(4) A noun or pronoun in the dative case limiting the action to or for a particular object; as pater filio librum emit, 'the father