teo dissensisse; quae me moverunt movissent eadem te proagile corpus animus sempiternus movet; leges supplicio afficiunt, defendunt ac tuentur bonos; errant, quod solum, ice, non falluntur.

Certain words have a fixed place in the clauses to which

ng.

Nam always stands first: generally also namque.

Enim always after at least one word, seldom after two. ›mpound enimvero it may commence a sentence.

Ergo either at the beginning or after another emphatic Igitur always follows, and may be last word. Itaque genegins the sentence.

Quoque and autem immediately after the word which they

ppose.

Etiam before the word to which it belongs, unless this very emphatic.

Quidem after the word which it qualifies, and to which it ly attached. If ne precedes, the meaning is 'not even' 105, (a)).

Tamen stands at the beginning, unless a single word is to e emphatic.

Autem always follows the first word in the sentence.

No enclitic can stand first in a sentence1.

The verb inquit, ' says he,' or 'said he,' is always inserted netically in the course of the words quoted; as: Tum Cocles, ine pater,' inquit, 'te sancte precor haec arma et hunc virum o flumine accipias.' If the nominative of inquit does not recede the citation of the words spoken, it is placed imme- after the verb; as mihi quidem,' inquit Cotta, videtur.' ay place ait either before the words cited, or in the citation, quit. The poets alone use dicit and dixit in this way.

ere learners may find it convenient to recollect the memorial lines: Quoque, autem, quidem, que,

Second words must always be.

are sometimes separated from their adjective, in order to increase the emphasis; as hoc si Sulpicius noster faceret, multo ejus oratio esset pressior, where the adverb multo is placed at the beginning of the clause merely to strengthen the assertion.

(b) Prepositions, especially monosyllables, are frequently placed between an adjective or pronoun and its substantive; as multis de causis, paucos post menses, magna ex parte, summa cum cura, ea de re; especially in the case of the relative, as in qua de re, quam ob rem, quem ad modum, &c. And the tendency of the relative to take the first place allows it to appear before a preposition even of two syllables when there is no following substantive in agreement with it; thus we have quorum de virtutibus, quos inter erat, quem contra venerat, quo de agitur. This usage is found, but less commonly, with other pronouns, as hunc post, hunc propter, hunc juxta, hunc adversus. The Latin language generally requires a repetition of the preposition in sentences connected with et-et, nec-nec, aut-aut, vel-vel, and also after nisi and quam, but not with words connected by enclitics; and it is not the usage to refer a substantive to two connected prepositions; thus we say et in bello et in pace; and ante aciem postve eam, not ante postve aciem.

(c) Conjunctions generally precede the sentence, which they introduce; but ut and ne have sometimes several words before them; as Catilina postulabat, patres conscripti ne quod de se temere crederet; and the illative ut is not unfrequently preceded by a negative or qualifying adverbs such as vix, nemo, nihil, nullus, prope, paene; thus we have erant optimi cives judices, vix ut mihi tenuis quaedam venia daretur excusationis.

134 Repeated words are placed in juxtaposition, the subject preceding the oblique case (129 (b)); thus, nulla virtus virtuti contraria est; vir virum legit; ex domo in domum migrare; diem ex die exspectare; nihil est unum uni tam simile; laudando omnes omnium imagines; Titus Berenicen ab urbe dimisit invitus invitam; sequere quo tua te virtus ducet. The same rule applies to contraries; thus, quaedam falsa veri speciem habent; mortali immortalitatem non arbitror contemnendam; in custodia socer generi periit morbo.

Antithesis sometimes exhibits an inverted order, which is called chiasmus (from xiálei, 'to put cross-wise,' like the letter xî); thus, ratio nostra consentit, repugnat oratio; fateor vulgi judicium a

judicio meo dissensisse; quae me moverunt movissent eadem te profecto; fragile corpus animus sempiternus movet; leges supplicio improbos afficiunt, defendunt ac tuentur bonos; errant, quod solum, quod Attice, non falluntur.

135 Certain words have a fixed place in the clauses to which they belong.

(a) Nam always stands first: generally also namque.

(b) Enim always after at least one word, seldom after two. In the compound enimvero it may commence a sentence.

(c) Ergo either at the beginning or after another emphatic word. Igitur always follows, and may be last word. Itaque generally begins the sentence.

(d) Quoque and autem immediately after the word which they add or oppose.

(e) Etiam before the word to which it belongs, unless this word is very emphatic.

(f) Quidem after the word which it qualifies, and to which it is closely attached. If ne precedes, the meaning is 'not even' (above, 105, (a)).

(g) Tamen stands at the beginning, unless a single word is to be made emphatic.

(h) Autem always follows the first word in the sentence.

(i) No enclitic can stand first in a sentence1.

(k) The verb inquit, ' says he,' or 'said he,' is always inserted parenthetically in the course of the words quoted; as: Tum Cocles, 'Tiberine pater,' inquit, 'te sancte precor haec arma et hunc virum propitio flumine accipias.' If the nominative of inquit does not thus precede the citation of the words spoken, it is placed immediately after the verb; as mihi quidem,' inquit Cotta, videtur.' We may place ait either before the words cited, or in the citation, like inquit. The poets alone use dicit and dixit in this way.

1 Here learners may find it convenient to recollect the memorial lines :

Quoque, autem, quidem, que,

Second words must always be.

136 These are the general rules, and it seems unnecessary to multiply illustrations, or to collect instances of the exceptions necessitated by the variations of emphasis; for after all it is only a continued perusal of the best writers, and adequate practice in prose composition, which can give that perception of rhetorical symmetry on which so much depends, or enable the student to frame perspicuous and harmonious periods. And even those who have gone through a long course of reading and writing Latin too often fail in producing a pleasing effect by the structure of their sentences, when they have not received from nature the susceptible and fastidious delicacy of ear (aures teretes et relligiosas) which Cicero (Orator. 9) regards as a distinguishing peculiarity of the Attic orator.

II. The English Construction.

137 As the Latin order in most cases differs entirely from the English, it is necessary that a student should acquire betimes the art of reducing the elements of the Latin sentence to their proper places in English syntax. This, although it is a process of decomposition, as far as the Latin is concerned, is called construing or construction, a term absolutely equivalent to the Greek word represented by the word syntax. The method to be adopted is presumed, in what has been already said on the parts of the sentence (above, § 3). The order, therefore, of Latin construing will be as follows:

(1) The interjection with its vocative.

(2) The conjunction.

(3) The subject of the sentence, with all that belongs to it, whether it be a relative sentence, an epithet, an apposition, or a dependent genitive.

(4) The copula with the predicate, that is either

(a) sum with a noun, and all that belongs to it;

or (b) a finite verb;

or (c) a finite verb and its dependent infinitive.

(5) The adverb or other secondary predicate.

(6) The accusative, as expressing the immediate object, and all that belongs to it.