Obs. 4 Glorior often takes the ablative with de or in; as Quis de misera vita potest gloriari? who can take pride in a miserable life?' In virtute recte gloriamur, 'we rightly take pride in virtue.' Obs. 5 Ven-eo for venum-eo, 'I go for sale,' i. e. 'I am sold,' and vapulo, I howl or cry out (oiμww) for pain,' i. e. 'I am beaten,' are considered as passive verbs, and take the ablative of the agent with ab (128, vII. (d)); as Respondit se malle a cive spoliari quam ab hoste venire, he replied that he would rather be robbed by a fellow-citizen than be sold by an enemy;' Testis rogatus est, an ab reo fustibus vapulâsset, 'the witness was asked whether he had been beaten with clubs by the defendant.' § 6. The Vocative and its Substitutes. 166 (1) The vocative is the case of allocution, exhortation, or exclamation. In the poets it is frequently used with the interjection 0; in prose this interjection is not prefixed in merely addressing a person, but is reserved for exclamations of joy, anger or surprise. In prose the vocative does not stand first in the sentence, except in solemn addresses, and in expressions of strong emotion; thus we have Recte te, Cyre, beatum ferunt, quoniam virtuti tuae fortuna conjuncta est, 'they rightly call you happy, O Cyrus, because good fortune was combined with your virtue.' Obs. 1 If an adjective or participle is added to the vocative it is properly in the same case, as Maecenas, atavis edite, regibus. There are rare instances to the contrary, as Succinctus patriâ quondam, Crispine, papyro. Obs. 2 By a very singular usage, the vocative of the adjective is made to agree with the nominative tu, as Stemmate quod Tusco ramum millesime ducis, This is regularly the case in the idiomatic use of macte = magis aucte; thus we have macte virtute esto, 'increase in virtue' (Hor. I. Serm. ii. 31); macte nová virtute puer, 'go on and prosper in your young valour' (Virg. En. Ix. 641). And even in an oblique sentence, as juberem [te] macte virtute esse (Liv. 11. 12). (2) (a) In addresses the most common substitute for the vocative is the nominative; as, audi tu, populus Albanus (Liv. 1. 24). But in exclamations the vocative and accusative are used indifferently after O, heu, and proh; as D. L. G. 20 O formose puer, nimium ne crede colori, 'O beautiful boy, trust not too much to your complexion;' but, O fortunatos nimium agricolas, 'O too fortunate husbandmen.' Heu pietas, heu prisca fides, 'Ah! piety, ah! old-fashioned faith;' but, heu stirpem invisam, 'ah! hated race.' Proh Deum atque hominum fidem, 'alas for our reliance on gods and men!' but, proh sancte Jupiter, 'Oh! hallowed Jupiter!' (b) Hei and vae are followed by the dative of limitation; as, hei mihi! 'ah! woe's me;' vae misero mihi, 'alas! for me wretched.' (c) En (ecce), which calls attention to an object, takes the nominative as a sort of exclamation, but the accusative as an object to be looked at; thus, Ecce tibi Italiae tellus, here is the land of Italy for you.' En quattuor aras, 'see these four altars.' § 7. Differences of Case with the same Verb. 167 Among the difficulties created by the syntax of government in Latin, one of the most frequent arises from the effect produced on the case of the dependent noun by modifications in the meaning or application of the governing verb. This point will therefore require a separate examination. (a) Verbs compounded with ad, in, ob and sub, which retain in the composite form a reference to the position or motion indicated by the prefix, are sometimes construed with an accusative or dative, but more frequently there is an additional preposition connected with the dependent noun (see above, 159, (f)). Thus we have both accedere muris and muros, 'to approach the walls;' both adjacere mari and mare, 'to lie near the sea;' both adnare navibus and naves, 'to swim to the ships;' both illabi animis and illabi animos, 'to glide into, descend upon, inspire the minds of men;' both incessit me and incessit mihi cura, an anxious thought came upon me;' both timor invadit mihi and me, 'fear attacked me;' subire muro, 'to go under the wall,' and subit mentem, 'it comes into my mind.' Generally, however, the use of the accusative belongs rather to poetical diction, and the prose-writers repeat the preposition or a similar one before the noun, as accedere ad urbem or in urbem; adstare ad tumulum, invadere in aliquem, in fortunas alicujus. (b) Verbs compounded with ante and prae, especially antecedo, antesto, and praesto, which signify superiority or pre-eminence, are construed with the accusative as well as with the dative; as Difficile est, quum praestare ceteris concupieris, servare aequitalem, 'it is difficult, when you have felt a longing to excel all others, to preserve equity.' Praestate virtute peditem, ut honore atque ordine praestatis, 'excel the foot-soldiers in valour, as you excel them in honour and civic rank.' Natura hominis pecudibus ceterisque bestiis antecedit, 'the nature of man is superior to cattle and other beasts.' Populus Romanus cunctas nationes fortitudine antecedit, 'the Roman people is superior to all nations put together in fortitude.' Obs. To this class we may add several compounds of cello, especially excello, but the usual construction is excellere praeter ceteros or inter ceteros. (c) Several verbs, which denote behaviour towards another person, are construed sometimes with the dative and sometimes with the accusative; such verbs are, adulor, aemulor, allatro, attendo, ausculto, blandior, despero, illudo, insulto, medicor, obtrecto, praestolor; as Mihi ausculta: vide ne tibi desis, 'listen to me: see that you are not wanting to yourself.' Nisi me auscultas, atque hoc, ut dico, facis, 'unless you mind me, and do this as I tell you.' Obs. 1 We have sometimes other constructions with these verbs. Thus we may say not only desperare suis fortunis or desperare pacem, but desperare de fide alicujus; and not only obtrectare laudibus, or, more rarely, laudes alicujus, but Themistocles et Aristides obtrectarunt inter se. Obs. 2 We do not find audire alicui in good writers, but dicto audientem esse alicui is a good phrase. (d) Certain verbs which signify giving or imparting are sometimes construed with the dative of the person and the accusative of the thing, sometimes with the accusative of the person and the ablative of the thing; such are adspergo, circumdo, circumfundo, dono, exuo, impertio, induo, inspergo, intercludo; thus, Non pauca suis adjutoribus large effuseque donabat, 'he gave liberally and lavishly not a few gifts to those who helped him.' Tarentini hunc civitate ceterisque praemiis donarunt, the Tarentines presented this man with the franchise and the other privileges.' Similarly we may say, adspergere labeculam alicui and adspergere vitae splendorem maculis; circumdare sibi cancellos, and circumdare oppidum vallo et fossa; impertire alicui salutem plurimam, and impertire aliquem salute; induere sibi torquem, and indutum esse duabus personis; intercludere multitudini fugam and intercludere aliquem commeatu. Obs. 1 In Cicero we do not find exuere alicui aliquid, but exuere aliquem armis, bonis omnibus, castris; exuere omnem humanitatem, mores, personam. Obs. 2 We find interdicere alicui aliquid; and not aliquem aliqua re, but alicui aliqua re. The phrase interdicitur mihi aqua et igni is good, but the student should avoid interdicor aqua et igni. (e) Either the dative or the ablative may be used with the verbs acquiesco, confido, insisto, insuesco, supersedeo. Thus we may have acquiescere rei, but Cicero has acquiescere re, and more frequently acquiescere in aliqua re; we may have confidere virtuti and confidere corporis firmitate; insistere via, and, in Cicero, insistere vestigiis alicujus or in vestigiis; insuescere re and rei; occumbere morti and morte, also mortem; supersedere itineri; but in Cicero more usually with the ablative; as supersedere labore, ‘to sit on the other side and away from it, to do without it' (see above, 165 (c)). (f) The following verbs have a different construction according to their different significations: Animadvertere aliquid, 'to remark something;' animadvertere in aliquem, 'to punish somebody.' Cavere alicui (sibi), 'to provide for the security of somebody or oneself;' cavere alicui aliquid, 'to give security to some one;' cavere aliquem and ab aliquo, 'to be on one's guard against some one;' cavere aliqua re or de aliqua re, 'to get security by pledge about something.' Constare sibi or secum, 'to be consistent with oneself;' constat inter omnes, ‘it is universally admitted;' constat magno 'it costs a good deal.' Consulere alicui, 'to give advice to some one;' consulere rei, 'to provide for something; consulere aliquem, 'to ask the opinion or advice of some one;' consulere boni, to take in good part;' consulere graviter in aliquem, 'to sake severe measures against somebody;' consulere in medium, in commune, 'to provide for the common good.' Convenire alicui rei, 'to suit something;' cum aliqua re, 'to agree with something;' convenire aliquem, 'to have an interview with somebody;' convenimus or convenit mihi tecum, 'we are agreed;' convenit inter omnes, 'all agree.' Cupere aliquid, 'to desire something;' cupere alicui or cupere causa alicujus, 'to wish well to somebody.' Dare alicui litteras, 'to give a letter to somebody;' dare litteras ad aliquem, to despatch a letter to somebody.' Facere ad aliquid, 'to contribute to a thing, to avail or profit it;' facere alicui, 'to suit or be becoming to something;' facere magni, 'to esteem highly;' facere aliquid aliquo or alicui, to do something with a person or thing' (as quid fecistis scipione, 'what have you done with the stick?'); facere cum aliquo or ab aliquo, 'to favour somebody;' facere contra, adversus aliquem, 'to be opposed to somebody.' Feneror or fenero tibi, 'I lend money to you;' feneror a te, 'I borrow money from you.' Horrere aliquid, 'to be afraid of something;' horrere alicui, 'to be afraid for somebody.' Imponere alicui aliquid, 'to put something on somebody,' (e. g. clitellos bovi); imponere aliquid in cervicibus alicujus, 'to lay something on somebody's shoulders;' imponere alicui, 'to trick, deceive, impose upon somebody.' Incumbere rei, 'to lean upon a thing, as a support;' incumbere in aliquam rem, 'to apply oneself diligently to some pursuit;' but the dative alone is also used in this sense. Interesse rei or in aliqua re, to be present at a certain transaction; hoc interest inter hominem et belluam, this is the difference between a man and a beast;' mea interest, omnium interest, it is for my interest, for the interest of all.' Manere apud aliquem, 'to remain with some one;' manet mihi, it remains for me;' manet me, 'it awaits me (I may expect its coming).' Merere aliquid, 'to earn something' (quid mereas, ut Epicureus esse desinas? 'what would you take to leave off being an Epicurean |