(above, 194, (B), Obs. 196) that the relative may be used for the demonstrative combined with a copulative or adversative particle. In this place, however, it is necessary to direct the student's attention to those cases in which the relative with the indicative mood represents the functions of the defining adjective (above, 123, 8, (b); 128, X., (a)), and especially to those forms of the defining sentence in which the relative seems to be in itself conditional or indefinite.

The distinction between the definitive and the subjunctive sentence should be obvious to every one who can recognize the difference between an epithet and a predicate (above, 124). It is clear that this distinction does not consist in the meaning of the epithet or predicate used, but in the construction of the word which for the time being serves to define or predicate. As is well known, the most indefinite of all the pronouns may be used as the subject of a sentence, and we have seen that these pronouns, no less than the demonstratives, contribute to the machinery of the distinctive sentence. Although therefore the relative word may be vague or indefinite in itself, or may have the conditional particle prefixed, it will still form a definitive sentence, if it serves as the attribute or qualification of some single term and is used with the indicative mood. If we say 'a possible contingency,' 'an uncertain amount,' 'however large a sum,' &c., it is manifest that these vague attributes are, in point of syntax, as completely epithets, qualifications, or defining expressions as the most precise and distinct adjectives would have been, and, conversely, that a different construction would convert the most definite expressions into predicates or even adverbs. The student then will see that we have definitive sentences in all the following uses of the relative or relative particles with the indicative mood.

(a) The relative or relative particle with si may introduce a definitive sentence; thus, Errant, si qui in bello omnes secundos rerum proventus exspectant. Cæs. B.G. VII. 29. Tu melius existimare videris de ea, si quam nunc habemus, facultate. Cic. Brut. 87. Nuda fere Alpium cacumina sunt, et si quid est pabuli, obruunt nives. Liv. XXI. 37. Summum bonum est, vivere seligentem, quæ secundum naturam sunt, et si quae contra naturam sunt, rejicientem. Cic. Fin. III. 9. Jam non tam mihi videntur injuriam facere, si qui hæc disputant, quam si cujus aures ad hanc disputationem patent. Cic. ad div. III. 6.—Studiose equidem utor poëtis nostris, sed

sicubi illi defecerunt, verti multa de Græcis, ne quo ornamento careret Latina oratio. Cic. Tusc. II. 11.

Obs. If the verb is subjunctive the nature of the sentence is of course changed; thus in the following passages the sentences dependent on sicunde and si quando are conditional and not definitive: Tentabantur urbes, sicunde spes aliqua se ostendisset. Livy, xxvI. 38. Utinam, inquit Pontius Samnis, tum essem natus, si quando Romani dona accipere cœpissent! Cic. de Off. II. 21.

(B) The vague relatives and relative particles quicunque, 'whoever,' ubicunque, 'wherever,' undecunque, 'whencesoever,' quocunque, 'whithersoever,' quandocunque, ' whensoever,' utcunque, ‘howsoever,' quantuscunque, 'how great soever,' quotcunque, 'how many soever,' are used with the indicative in adjectival sentences; thus, Quoscunque de te queri audivi, quacunque ratione potui, placavi. Cic. Quint. Fr. 1. 2. Quemcunque hæc pars perditorum lætatum morte Cæsaris putabit, hunc in hostium numero habebit. Cic. Att. XIV. 13. Hoc mementote, quoscunque locos attingam, unde ridicula ducantur, ex iisdem locis fere etiam graves sententias posse duci. Cic. Or. II. 61. Quod quibuscunque verbis dixeris, facetum tamen est, re continetur; quod mutatis verbis, salem amittit, in verbis habet leporem omnem. Cic. Or. II. 62. Nihil est virtute amabilius, quam qui adeptus erit, ubicunque erit gentium, a nobis diligetur. Cic. Nat. Deor. 1. 44. Ubicunque Patricius habitat, ibi carcer privatus est. Liv. vi. 36. Non undecunque causa fluxit, ibi culpa est. Quint. VII. 3. 33. Hæc novi judicii forma terret oculos, qui, quocunque inciderunt, veterem consuetudinem fori, et pristinum morem judiciorum requirunt. Cic. Mil. 1. Verres quacunque iter fecit, ejusmodi fuit, ut non legatus populi Romani, sed ut quædam calamitas pervadere videretur. Cic. Verr. 1. 16. Quandocunque ista gens (Græcorum) suas literas dabit, omnia corrumpet. Plin. N. H. XXVIII. 1 med. Orator utcunque se adfectum videri et animum audientium moveri volet, ita certum vocis admovebit sonum. Cic. Or. XVII. Hoc, quantumcunque est, quod certe maximum est, totum est tuum. Cic. Marcell. 2. Homines benevolos, qualescunque sunt, grave est insequi contumelia. Cic. Att. XIV. 14. But the following sentences are conditional: Debeo, quantumcunque possim, in eo elaborare, ut &c. Cic. Fin. 1. 4. Quotcunque Senatus creverit, populusve jusserit, tot sunto. Cic. Leg. III. 3.

(7) The same sense of vagueness may be conveyed in a definitive clause by the reduplicated pronouns and particles, quisquis,

ubiubi, undeunde, quoquo, utut, quantus quantus, quotquot; thus, Quisquis homo huc profecto venerit, pugnos edet. Plaut. Amph. I. 1. 153. Omnia mala ingerebat (Hecuba), quemquem adspexerat. Id. Men. v. 1. 17. Quisquis honos tumuli, quidquid solamen humandi est, Largior. Virg. Æn. x. 193. Plus certe attulit huic populo dignitatis, quisquis ille est, si modo est aliquis, qui non illustravit modo, sed etiam genuit in hac urbe dicendi copiam, quam illi, qui Ligurum castella expugnaverunt. Cic. Brut. 73. Quidquid erit, tibi erit. Cic. ad div. II. 10. In amicitia quidquid est, id verum et voluntarium est. Cic. Lael. VIII. certe quidem in te est. Cic. Tusc. I. 29. tu spectato simul. Plaut. Pseud. III. 2. 69. corum est, patiar. Plaut. Bacch. v. 2. 73. tur, quod necesse est. Cic. Att. XII. 24. nisi sapientia es. Ter. Ad. III. 3. 40. Si leges duæ, aut si plures, aut quotquot erunt, conservari non possunt, quia discrepant inter se, ea maxime conservanda putatur, quæ ad maximas res pertinere videtur. Cic. Inv. II. 49.

Nunc ubiubi sit animus, Quoquo hic spectabit, eo Id, utut est, etsi dedeQuantiquanti, bene emiTu, quantus quantus, nil

Obs. The particles quamvis and quamtumvis, though apparently synonymous with quantusquantus, are used with the subjunctive mood, and constitute a concessive sentence, thus, Ista, quantumvis exigua sint, in majus excedunt. Sen. Ep. 85. Illa mali generis vineta quæ, quamvis robusta sint, propter sterilitatem fructu carent, emendantur insitione facta. Colum. IV. 22.

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§ 10. (c) Subjunctive Sentences.

205 The subjunctive sentence, properly so called, is a special characteristic of Latin syntax, at least so far as concerns the uniform employment of the subjunctive mood. Its general effect is to express by means of the relative clause a number of adverbial or predicative phrases. The predicative or adverbial nature of the subjunctive sentence is most plainly seen in the use of the subjunctive after sunt qui, inveniuntur qui, reperiuntur qui, &c.; for here qui talis ut (175), (4), Obs.), and this meaning may be conveyed by the predicative adjective (140, (b)). Even relative clauses which would otherwise be definitive, become subject to the operation of this rule when they are found included in an oblique or predicative sentence. Thus in the example given above (p. 242), Socrates dicebat omnes in eo, quod scirent, satis esse eloquentes, it is clear that we should have written omnes in eo, quod sciunt, satis sunt eloquentes, if we had been expressing the thought as our own, for

quod sciunt is strictly a definitive clause; but the objective sentence formed by the accusative with the infinitive is itself predicative, because the accusative constitutes a secondary predicate (above, 125). By a kind of attraction therefore the included relative clause assumes the dependent or subjunctive form.

Subjunctive sentences may be divided into the following classes:

(a) The indirect interrogative.

Whenever a direct question is made dependent on another sentence-in other words, when it becomes indirect or oblique-the verb is necessarily in the subjunctive mood (above, 126, XII.).

(aa) The indirect interrogative is dependent on a main sentence expressive of seeing, hearing, feeling, supposing, thinking, knowing, learning, saying, certainty, uncertainty, likelihood, wonder, &c. Thus: Videamus primum, deorumne providentia mundus regatur; deinde consulantne rebus humanis. Cic. Nat. Deor. III. 25. Sentiet, qui vir siem. Ter. Eun. I. 1. 21. Qua sint illæ sorores dignitate, potes ex his pueris suspicari. Cic. Inv. II. 1. Ad ferendum dolorem placide et sedate plurimum proficit, toto pectore, ut dicitur, cogitare, quam id honestum sit. Cic. Tusc. II. 24. Disce, quid sit vivere. Ter. Heaut. v. 2. 18. Qualis sit animus, ipse animus nescit. Cic. Tusc. 1. 22. Credo te audisse, ut me circumstiterint judices. Cic. Att. 1. 6. Cæsar docebat, ut omni tempore totius Galliæ principatum Ædui tenuissent. Cæs. B. G. 1. 43. Videmus, ut luna accessu et recessu suo solis lumen accipiat. Cic. Or. III. 45. Quid quæque nox, aut dies ferat, incertum est. Liv. III. 27. Mirum est, ut animus agitatione, motuque corporis excitetur. Plin. Ep. 1. 6. Verisimile non est, ut Heius religioni suæ monumentisque majorum pecuniam anteponeret. Cic. Verr. IV. 6. Postrema syllaba brevis, an longa sit, ne in versu quidem refert. Cic. Or. 64, § 217. Quaeritur, cur doctissimi homines de maximis rebus dissentiant. Cic. Or. III. 29. Iphicrates quum interrogaretur, utrum pluris patrem, matremne faceret; matrem, inquit. Corn. Nep. XI. 3.

(bb) The indirect interrogative is dependent on a verb expressive of fear, anxiety, or doubt; and in this usage vereor, timeo, metuo ut mean I fear that it will not be so;' but vereor, timeo, metuo ne mean 'I fear that it will be so.' That this construction is that of the indirect interrogative with verbs of seeing, con26

D. L. G.

sidering, &c. is clear from the fact that these verbs, when they express not only uncertainty but anxiety, may be followed by ne; thus: Vide, ne superbi sit, aspernari Cæsaris liberalitatem. Cic. ad div. IV. 9. Si vita in exsilio tibi commodior esse videatur, cogitandum tamen est, ne tutior non sit. Ib. Accordingly we might, if it were necessary, add to the verb of fearing some participle, as cogitans, cogitantes, to express the uncertainty on which the apprehension rested. The following are examples of the usage: Omnes labores te excipere video. Timeo, ut sustineas. Ib. XIV. 2. De amicitia tua etsi non dubitabam, tamen, ut incorrupta maneret, laborabam. Ib. XI. 28. Timebam, ne evenirent ea, quæ acciderunt. Ib. VI. 21. Non vereor, ne mea vitæ modestia parum valitura sit contra falsos rumores. Ib. XI. 28. Verebamini, ne non id facerem, quod recepissem semel. Ter. Phorm. v. 7. 8. Dubito, an idem nunc tibi, quod tunc mihi, suadeam. Plin. Ep. VI. 27. De Baiis nonnulli dubitant, an Cæsar per Sardiniam veniat. Illud enim adhuc prædium suum non inspexit. Cic. ad div. IX. 7. Vereor, quid sit. Cic. Att. VII. 7. Recessum tuum quomodo acciperent homines, quam probabilis necessitas futura esset, vereor etiam nunc. Cic. ad div. VIII. 10.

(cc) The indirect interrogative is dependent on a noun expressing an apprehension, a reason, or a thought. Thus: Pavor ceperat milites, ne mortiferum esset vulnus Scipionis. Liv. XXIV. 42. Cura incesserat patres, ne plebs tribunos militum ex plebe crearet. Ib. IV. 50. Difficile dictu est, quænam causa sit, cur (ea?) quæ maxime sensus nostros impellunt voluptate, et specie prima acerrime commovent, ab iis celerrime fastidio quodam et satietate abalienemur. Cic. Or. III. 25. Me quidem Athenæ non tam operibus magnificis delectant, quam recordatione summorum virorum, ubi quisque habitare, ubi sedere, ubi disputare sit solitus. Cic. Leg. 11. 2.

(B) The relative predication.

The manner in which the subjunctive sentence with the relative serves as a secondary predication, may be seen by an examination of the following examples:

(aa) The relative sentence may be a secondary predication of the end. Clusini legatos Romam, qui auxilium ab senatu peterent, misere. Liv. v. 35. In Germania quum bellum civitas aut illatum