Short are: bibi, dědi, fidi, Rutum, rătum, sătum, situm. (2) The supine stātum from sto has the penultima long, and statum from sisto has the penultima short. We have both citum and ctum from cio and cieo (above, pp. 103, 130). (bb) Reduplicated perfects have the penultima short, as in cecini, cecidi, tetīgi, didici. Exceptions: We have cecidi from caedo, and in some cases, as in cucurri, fefelli, pependi, spopondi, the penultima is long by position. (cc) Polysyllabic perfects in -vi or -si, and polysyllabic supines in -tum or -sum, have the penultima long; as in amāvi, divisi, solutum, divisum. (dd) Perfects in -ui of the first, second, and fourth conjugations, and the corresponding supines in -itum, have both the penultima and the antepenultima short; as domo, dõmũi, domitum ; mõneo, mõnũi, mõnĭtum; võmo, võmũi, võmĭtum; gigno (for gigeno), gěnŭi, gěnitum; pōno (for po-sino), păsăi, positum. Obs. Praebeo, praebui, praebitum is not an exception to this rule, for the full form is praehibeo, which is merely a compound of habeo. The same may be said of debeo, debui, debitum, which in one sense at least is a contraction of dehibeo. (ee) Supines in -itum which are not formed from perfects in -ivi, have the penultima short, as fugitum, cognitum. Obs. The later poets make an exception to this in recensītus, which has its penultima long in Claudian, Eutrop. II. 60: Prisca recensitis evolvite saecula fastis; and Prudentius has recensētus, Apoth. 1069: stirpe recensēta numerandus sanguinis haeres. But it is clear that censitor is only another form of censor, and as we have censtor, censtom, and ancensto in Oscan, for censor, censum, and non censitus (Varron. pp. 149, 150), we may conclude that this participle originally and properly followed the rule, and that the lengthening of the i is a misconception on the part of these later writers. Accordingly the other quantity is given above, 103, 130. 224 The quantity of the penultima is fixed in many of the inflexions of the verb. Thus the student has seen that a vowel is always long before the endings -bam, -bas, -bat, &c., -bo, -bis, D. L. G. 28 -bit, &c., and before runt or -re in the perfect; that the penultima is always long in -amus, -atis, -emus, -etis; and in the infinitives of the first three conjugations. The following cases must be noticed: (1) The a is short in all inflexions of do except das and da; thus we have circumdamus, circumdăbam, circumdabo, and it is even represented by a short u in the occasional forms duim (creduim, perduim). (2) The penultima of the third person plural of the perfect indicative is occasionally shortened by the poets; as Longa decem menses tulerunt fastidia matres. Di tibi divitias dederunt artemque fruendi. Obstupui, steteruntque comae, et vox faucibus haesit. (3) The terminations -imus, -itis, have the penultima short in the first, second, and fourth conjugations; but the i is long in the present tense of the third conjugation, and in all present subjunctives; thus we have audimus, audītis, simus, sītis, velimus, velītis. (4) Although we have always erimus, eritis in the future indicative, we have no authority for a short penultima in fuerimus, fueritis, or in the first and second persons plural of the perfect subjunctive of ordinary verbs; on the contrary we have several instances of the i being long; as fecerimus (Catull. v. 10), transierītis (Ovid, Epist. Pont. IV. 5, 6), contigerītis (Id. ibid. IV. 5, 16), &c. § 3. Quantity of the final Syllable. 225 (a) Monosyllabic Words. (aa) Monosyllabic words, which end in a vowel or h are long; as ā, dē, mē, sē, sī, āh, prō and prōh. Except the enclitics; as -ce, -ně, -quě, -tě, -vě, -ptě, -psě. (bb) Monosyllabic words, which end in a single consonant and are not nouns, are short; as ăd, sed, ut, věl, ăb, čb. Except cur, quin, sin, ēn, nōn, crās, and the adverbs in c, as lúc, húc, sức. (cc) Monosyllabic nouns are long; as sōl, vēr, mōs, ās, für, jūs, rōs, plūs, pār, vās, lār, pēs, bōs, ōs (ōris). But měl, fel, vìr, còr, lặc, òs (ossis) are short. (dd) Hic in the nom. is either long or short; hoc, whether nominative or ablative, is long. (ee) The imperatives dic from dico, duc from duco, fuc from facio, fer from fero, which are the usual forms1, retain the quantity of their verbs; es from sum is short; és for ědis from edo, is long. Fis, vis, and sīs are long. (B) Polysyllabic Words ending in a Vowel. 226 (aa) The final a is regularly short; as in musă, regnă, lampada. The following are the only exceptions: (1) In the ablative sing. of the first declension; as musā. (2) In the voc. of nouns in -as; as in Eneā, Pallā, from Eneas, -eae, Pallas, -antis. (3) In the imperative of the first conjugation; as in amā. (4) In undeclinable words; as in contrā, extrā, intrā, frustrā,. ergā, anteā, posteā, intereā, quadraginta. But of these ită, quiă, ejă, and pută, 'for example,' have short ă. (bb) The final e is short; as in patrě, currě, nempě, propě, facile, legere, amavērě. The following are the only exceptions: (1) The ablatives of the e declension; as die (hodie, pridie, postridie, &c.), rē (quārē, quādērē), fidē, specie. Together with fame from fames. (2) The imperatives of the second conjugation; as monē. But of these some dissyllables are made short by the poets, as căvě, hăbě, vălě, vidě, tăce. (3) The adverbs in ē from adjectives of the second declension, as docte, miserē, altē, together with ferē, fermē, and the interjection ohe. But beně, malě, inferně and superně are short. (4) The Greek words, in which e represents 7, either in the nom. singular feminine, in the voc. masc., or in the nom. plur. neut.; as crambē, Atridē, Tempē. (cc) The final i is long; as in pueri, patri, fructui, misi, legi, rideri. The following are the only exceptions: (1) Greek datives and vocatives; as Paridi, Alexi, and cui when it is used as a dissyllable. 1 In ordinary Latin the apocope of the final e in these imperatives is invariable in the simple forms, and in those compounds, as educ, effer, calefac, which do not change the root-vowel; but we have confice, perfice, &c., where there is the usual change from a to i, and face, duce, dice are found in the poets. From scio we have only the fuller form scito and generally scitote. -bit, &c., and before runt or re in the perfect; that the penultima is always long in -amus, -atis, -emus, -etis; and in the infinitives of the first three conjugations. The following cases must be noticed: (1) The a is short in all inflexions of do except das and da; thus we have circumdămus, circumdăbam, circumdăbo, and it is even represented by a short u in the occasional forms duim (creduim, perduim). (2) The penultima of the third person plural of the perfect indicative is occasionally shortened by the poets; as Longa decem menses tulerunt fastidia matres. Di tibi divitias dederunt artemque fruendi. Obstupui, steteruntque comae, et vox faucibus haesit. (3) The terminations -imus, -itis, have the penultima short in the first, second, and fourth conjugations; but the i is long in the present tense of the third conjugation, and in all present subjunctives; thus we have audimus, auditis, sīmus, sītis, velimus, velītis. (4) Although we have always erimus, eritis in the future indicative, we have no authority for a short penultima in fuerimus, fueritis, or in the first and second persons plural of the perfect subjunctive of ordinary verbs; on the contrary we have several instances of the i being long; as fecerimus (Catull. v. 10), transierītis (Ovid, Epist. Pont. IV. 5, 6), contigerītis (Id. ibid. iv. 5, 16), &c. § 3. Quantity of the final Syllable. 225 (a) Monosyllabic Words. (aa) Monosyllabic words, which end in a vowel or h are long; as ā, dē, mē, sē, sī, āh, prō and prōh. Except the enclitics; as -cě, -ně, -quě, -tě, -vě, -ptě, -psě. (bb) Monosyllabic words, which end in a single consonant and are not nouns, are short; as ăd, sěd, ut, věl, ăb, ŏb. Except cur, quin, sin, ēn, nōn, cras, and the adverbs in c, as hic, huc, sic. (cc) Monosyllabic nouns are long; as sōl, vēr, mōs, ās, fùr, jūs, rōs, plūs, pār, vās, lār, pēs, bōs, ōs (ōris). But měl, fel, vir, cor, lặc, os (ossis) are short. (dd) Hic in the nom. is either long or short; hoc, whether nominative or ablative, is long. (ee) The imperatives dic from dico, duc from duco, fac from făcio, fer from fero, which are the usual forms1, retain the quantity of their verbs; es from sum is short; es for ědis from edo, is long. Fis, vis, and sis are long. (B) Polysyllabic Words ending in a Vowel. 226 (aa) The final a is regularly short; as in musă, regnă, lampada. The following are the only exceptions: (1) In the ablative sing. of the first declension; as musā. (2) In the voc. of nouns in -as; as in Eneā, Pallā, from Eneas, -eae, Pallas, -antis. (3) In the imperative of the first conjugation; as in amā. (4) In undeclinable words; as in contrā, extrā, intrā, frustrā,. ergā, anteā, posteā, intereā, quadraginta. But of these ită, quiă, ejă, and pută, 'for example,' have short ă. (bb) The final e is short; as in patrě, currě, nempě, propě, facile, legere, amavērě. The following are the only exceptions: (1) The ablatives of the e declension; as die (hodie, pridie, postridie, &c.), rē (quārē, quādērē), fidē, specie. Together with fame from fames. (2) The imperatives of the second conjugation; as monē. But of these some dissyllables are made short by the poets, as căvě, hăbě, văle, vidě, tăc. (3) The adverbs in ē from adjectives of the second declension, as docte, miserē, alte, together with ferē, fermē, and the interjection. ohe. But bene, male, inferně and superně are short. (4) The Greek words, in which e represents 7, either in the nom. singular feminine, in the voc. masc., or in the nom. plur. neut.; as crambē, Atridē, Tempē. (cc) The final i is long; as in pueri, patri, fructui, misi, legi, rideri. The following are the only exceptions: (1) Greek datives and vocatives; as Paridi, Alexi, and cui when it is used as a dissyllable. 1 In ordinary Latin the apocope of the final e in these imperatives is invariable in the simple forms, and in those compounds, as educ, effer, calefac, which do not change the root-vowel; but we have confice, perfice, &c., where there is the usual change from a to i, and face, duce, dice are found in the poets. From scio we have only the fuller form scito and generally scitote. |