or by a monosyllable connected in syntax or sense with the words which follow; as in the lines Et sine lite loquax cum | Palladis | alite cornix. Et graviter frendens sic fatis | ora resolvit. Obs. 6 The word preceding the dactyl of the fifth foot must not be a bacchius, as it is called, that is, a trisyllable consisting of one short and two long syllables, such as dédērūnt, unless a monosyllable precedes; as in the line Pallentes hederas et ămāntēs | littora myrtos. Obs. 7 If the fifth foot is a spondee, which is rarely the case, the fourth must be a dactyl; as Constitit | átque ocu|lís Phrygi|a ágmină | circūms|péxit||- Obs. 8 Words of more than three syllables and monosyllables are rarely found at the end of hexameter lines; and the strong ennehemimeral cæsura is not often found in the last dactyl, unless the concluding word is a quadrisyllable, when it is of course inevitable; thus we rarely find such lines as Per connubia nostra per inceptos hymenaeos. Sternitur exanimisque tremens procumbit humi bos. Nec saturare fimo pingui pudejat sola | neve. But the older writers, as Ennius, very often have lines resembling the cadence of the first two; there are at least twenty-six lines in Lucretius which end in a monosyllable; in Horace's Satires there are fiftyfive lines with monosyllabic endings, and at least nine with a strong ennehemimeral cæsura; but these poets are not to be imitated in all respects by the modern writer of hexameters. Words of five and six syllables at the end of the line are also very rare; as in Virgil's Quarum quae forma pulcherrima | Deiopeia, and Horace's Quisquis luxuria tristive superstitione]. With regard to the final monosyllable, it is not so objectionable, if another monosyllable precedes; as in Horace's line Principibus placuisse viris non ultima | laus est. Obs. 9 It is desirable to avoid hexameters, which rhyme at the middle and end. These verses are called Leonine, from Leonius a monk of Paris, who first regularly introduced them. But solitary instances have been noticed in the best classical poets; thus we have in Virgil: Ora cita- torum | dextra contorsit equorum. in Ovid : Si Trojae | fatis | aliquid restare putatis. Obs. 10 In consecutive lines, the sense must be carried on from one verse to another, and the pauses and cæsuras must be varied. If the pause falls after the first word in a line, the word thus separated is generally a dactyl, a trochee or a choriambus. A spondaic word is rarely found by itself, but this may be allowed, if there is a special emphasis, as in the lines of Virgil: Exstinctum Nymphae crudeli funere Daphnin Flebant: vos coryli testes et flumina Nymphis. The following description of the horse from the third Georgic will exemplify the manner in which Virgil varies the cæsuras and pauses in his hexameters : Sin ad bella magis studijum tur masque feroces, 241 (b) Elegiac Verse. Not only does custom require that the dactyl should be represented by a spondee at the end of an hexameter verse, but the ictus alone may suffice for the close of a set of dactyls. This is regularly the case with the dactylic trimeter catalectic or penthemimer; and a class of poems, called Elegiac, is written in complete hexameter lines followed alternately by pairs of these interrupted trimeters, which are erroneously called Pentameters. Example: Gratulor | Echulījām tītājlīs āc|cēdērē | vēstrīs|| Victorēm victae || succubuisse que|rōr]]. Obs. 1 The penthemimers of the elegiac must be kept distinct, and we must not imitate Catullus, who frequently has an elision at the end of the first penthemimer. Obs. 2 The last word of the line should be an iambus, and either a verb, a substantive, or pronoun; it should not be preceded by an elision; and the word preceding it should not be a monosyllable. There are exceptions to these rules, but they are not to be imitated. For example, a word of four or five syllables is more frequently found at the end than a trisyllable, and a very emphatic adjective may terminate the penta meter. Obs. 3 The first penthemimer seldom ends with an iambic word, but when this is the case the first foot is generally a spondee, as in the line Pascebatque suas || ipse senator oves. But there are not unfrequent exceptions to this; thus we have in the same narrative (Ovid, Fasti, II. 98-108) the following instances in close succession: At tibi nave tua || tutius aequor erat. Reddidit icta suos || pollice chorda sonos. Obs. 4 The first penthemimer more frequently begins with a dactyl than a spondee, and a spondaic word at the beginning of the line is to be avoided. The two spondees in the example above are not to be imitated; they are required in the special case by the antithesis. Obs. 5 The first penthemimer should not end in a monosyllable, unless it is preceded by a word of one long or two short syllables; as in the lines A pecoris lux est || ista notata metu. Saepe tibi pater est || saepe legendus avus. Obs. 6 The first penthemimer should not begin with a spondee which has a real pause after it; but this objection does not apply to the case when the first word, though followed by a vocative or other parenthetical member, belongs in sense to the end of the line; as Vellem, Maconide, pectus inesse tuum. Obs. 7 The final syllables of the penthemimers may rhyme; as But Leonine Verses are to be avoided, and perhaps the difference of quantity prevented the perception of a true rhyme in Ovid's line Querebant | flavos | per nemus omne | favos. 242 (c) Glyconic Verse. The dactyl and spondee, which terminate the hexameter verse, appear as a separate dipodia, which is called the Adonius, and always, as we shall see, terminates the Sapphic stanza; as Térrŭit | ūrbēm|| . If the second dactyl is retained, and a basis prefixed, the line is called a Glyconeus; as If the Adonius has a basis prefixed it is called a Pherecrateus; as The Glyconic verse is used by Catullus with a Pherecrateus after every third (34 [32]) or fifth line (61 [59]). 243 (d) Choriambic Verse. The dactyl and long syllable, which form the end of the pentameter, appear as a catalectic dipodia by the side of complete pairs of feet. Thus, in the lesser Asclepiadean verse, we have two dipodia with the basis prefixed, the former dipodia appearing as a trihemimer or choriambus; and in the great Asclepiadean verse the complete dipodia is preceded by two choriambi, or catalectic dimeters. Examples: Tū në | quaesiĕ|ris || scirě ně | fãs || quém mìhĩ | quēm tìbì||. The shorter Asclepiadean is used by itself, or alternately with Glyconei (Hor. 1 Carm. III.), or with a Glyconeus after every third line (Hor. 4 Carm. XII.), or in couplets followed by a Pherecrateus (245, Obs.) and Glyconeus (Hor. 1 Carm. v.), between which hiatus is not allowable. 244 There are other kinds of dactylic verse, which are less common; thus, we have the Tetrameter; as Aút Ephe|sōn bimă|risvě Cõ|rinthi||. And the penthemimer occurs as a separate verse; Púlvis ět | úmbră să|mūs||. B. Anapaestic Verse. 245 (a) Anapaestic Dimeter. The commonest anapæstic system is the dimeter, which consists of successive pairs of feet, the whole system being counted as one line until it is broken by a basis, or by a catalectic dimeter, which is termed a paroemiac. The dactyl and spondee may take the place of the anapæst, except in the last foot of the dimeter, where the dactyl is not used by Seneca. Example: D. L. G. 29 Unde igni' cluēt || mōrtā|lību' clām|| Clepsi||sse dolō||, põenās|qué Jõvi|| Fāto ex|pēndi||ssẽ suprē|mò||. Obs. The Pherecrateus was formed by omitting two morae at the beginning of the parœmiac (see Theatre of the Greeks, Ed. vii. 170). 246 (b) Ionic a minore. If the thesis in the anapæstic dipodia is represented by a single long syllable, it is usual to term this metre Ionicus a minore, in contradistinction to a certain form of the choriambic rhythm cum anacrusi, which was called the Ionicus a majore. Four of these imperfect anapastic dipodiæ form a verse in Horace; thus, Misĕrā|rum ēst || něc ămó|rī || dărě lú|dūm || nèque dú|lci||. § 3. Double Rhythms. A. Trochaic Verse. 247 (a) Ithyphallic Metre. The trochee is a dactyl with the last mora omitted. The simplest and oldest form of the trochaic metre is the ithyphallicus, or tripudiatio, generally called the Saturnian verse, in which the ictus occurred thrice. This metre always appears in two sets of three feet with an anacrusis. It was very rude, and the substitutions for the trochee were extremely arbitrary, as the following examples will show: Dài bint mà tắm Mětelli || Navila politell. 248 (b) Hipponactean Verse. The trochaic metre is generally counted by pairs of feet, each having but one ictus, i.e. on the first syllable. If a long syllable is added to a trochee, the trihemimer which results is called dimeter catalectic, and is also designated as a creticus; as crédi|di||. When the last syllable is resolved, it is termed paeon primus, as divitibus; if the first syllable is resolved, it is called paeon quartus, as maritimos. The |