(g) vepres, 'a bramble,' only in the acc. and abl. veprem, vepre, both rare; plural regularly inflected.

(h) vix or vicis, 'change,' only in the gen. acc. abl. vicis, vicem, vice; in the plur. only nom. acc. vices, dat. abl. vicibus.

(i) vis, 'force,' only nom., and the accus. and abl. vim, vi; but complete in the plural vires, virium, viribus.

(3) The following want only the nom. singular: (daps) dapis, 'food;' (ditio) ditionis, 'dominion;' (frux) frugis, 'fruit;' (internecio) internecionis, utter destruction;' (pollis or pollen) pollinis, 'fine flour.'

Obs. The old grammarians (e.g. Priscian, vi. 15, p. 273, Krehl) give the neuter nom. accus. tonitru, thunder;' but there is no authority for any cases except the abl. sing. tonitru, the nom. acc. pl. tonitrua, gen. tonitruum, dat. abl. tonitribus. The form tonitrua might also be referred to tonitruum, which occurs in Plin. N. H. XXXVI. 13; and tonitribus might come from a form tonitrus, of which we seem to have the acc. pl. in Statius, Theb. 1. 258.

§ 8. Numerals.

54 Numerals are partly adjectives and partly adverbs, and are divided into six classes: (a) Cardinals, which answer to the question, how many? (b) Ordinals, which combine the idea of number with that of order or arrangement; (c) Distributives, which indicate the number of things to be taken together; (d) Multiplicatives, which state out of how many parts a whole is composed; (e) Proportionals, which state the rate of increase; and (f) Numeral Adverbs, which indicate how often a thing is repeated in time.

The declension of unus has been already given (35). Duo

and its correlative ambo, 'both,' are thus declined:

1 sexcenti is used to denote an indefinite but large number, as when we say 'hundreds,' thousands.'

Tres is declined like the plural of tristis (34), thus:

amborum

ambobus
ambo

ambarum

ambabus

ambas

The other cardinals up to ducenti are undeclined. Mille is undeclined in the singular, but the plural millia is declined as a substantive, like maria.

Obs. 2 For 13, 16, 17, 18, 19 we may also write decem et tres, d. et sex, d. et septem, d. et octo, d. et novem.

Obs. 3 The number added to 20, 30, &c., is either prefixed with, or affixed without, et; thus 21 is either unus (-a, -um) et viginti, or viginti unus (-a, -um), and 25 is either quinque et viginti, or viginti quinque. For the last two numbers in the decad, we may subtract, as in the case of duodeviginti and undeviginti; thus 28 and 29 are generally duodetriginta and undetriginta. But although 99 may be undecentum, 98 is either nonaginta octo, or octo et nonaginta.

Obs. 4 In combinations with numbers above 100 the smaller number follows with or without et; thus 304 is trecenti et quatuor, or trecentiquatuor.

Obs. 5 In order to express numbers exceeding 1000, we either prefix the digits to the declinable plural millia, as duo millia, or couple it with the distributives, as bina millia. In this case millia is regarded as a neuter substantive. The poets sometimes prefix the numeral adverb, as bis mille, quinquies mille. When smaller numerals follow millia in a detailed enumeration, the objects specified are put in the same case, if the numerals precede; as caesi sunt tria millia trecenti milites; Caesar cepit duo millia trecentos sex Gallos. But if the objects specified precede the numerals, they are generally put in the genitive, as Caesar Gallorum duo millia quingentos sex cepit. The same case, however, is sometimes used even when the object of the enumeration precedes, as omnes equites, quindecim millia numero, convenire jussit; or Gallos cepit duo millia quingentos sex.

Obs. 6 The numeral adverbs are always used to denote millions, which are expressed as so many times a hundred thousand; thus decies centena millia, or decies centum millia, is a million;' vicies centena millia is 'two millions;' bis millies centena millia is 'two hundred mil

lions,' and so forth. To these the single thousands and smaller numbers are added in order, as decies centena millia triginta sex millia centum nonaginta sex, one million, thirty-six thousand, one hundred and ninety-six,' i. e. 1,036,196. In reckoning with sesterces (below, 56, Obs. 4), the rule is to omit centena millia, and to prefix the numeral adverb alone to the genitive sestertium, i. e. numûm (13). Thus decies sestertium is 'one million of sesterces;' vicies sestertium is 'two millions of sesterces;' centies sestertium is 'ten millions of sesterces,' &c. These phrases are regarded as equivalent to singular nouns of the neuter gender, which are even declined in the different cases; thus we have in the nom., sestertium quadragies relinquitur, 'six millions of sesterces are left;' in the gen., argentum ad summam sestertii decies in aerarium rettulit, 'he transferred to the treasury a sum of silver to the amount of a million of sesterces;' in the accus., sestertium ducenties accepi, 'I received twenty millions of sesterces;' in the abl., senatorum censum duodecies sestertio taxavit, 'he fixed the senatorial census at 1,200,000 sesterces.' The adverb alone is sometimes put without sestertium. And in combining greater and smaller numbers, the word nummos may be used without sestertium, as in Cic. Verr. 1. 14: accepi vicies ducenta triginta quinque millia quadringentos decem et septem nummos, I received two millions, two hundred and thirty-five thousand, four hundred and seventeen sesterces.'

Obs. 7 Cardinal numbers are sometimes expressed by compound nouns; thus 'two,' 'three,' 'four days,' are expressed by biduum, triduum, quadriduum; 'two,' 'three,' 'four,' 'six,' 'seven years,' are expressed by biennium, triennium, quadriennium, sexennium, septuennium (which is more correct than septennium); commissions or bodies consisting of 'two,' 'three,' 'four,' 'five,' 'six,' 'seven,' 'ten,' 'fifteen men,' are expressed by duoviri, tresviri, quattuorviri, quinqueviri, seviri or sexviri, septemviri, decemviri, quindecimviri. A single member of a commission of two or three functionaries was called duumvir, ‘a man of two;' triumvir, 'a man of three.' The plural forms duumviri, triumviri, are in themselves ungrammatical; and though duomviri occurs once in an inscription, there is no authority for triumviri, and both forms should be avoided in writing Latin.

20th,

30th,

40th,

13th, 14th, &c. tertius, quartus decimus, &c.

vicesimus or vigesimus.

tricesimus or trigesimus.
quadragesimus.

50th,

quinquagesimus.

300th, 400th, &c. trecentesimus, quadringentesimus, &c. 1000th,

millesimus or milesimus.

Obs. 1 The numbers between 13 and 20 may also be expressed by prefixing decimus with or without et, as decimus et tertius, or decimus tertius, the thirteenth;' and for 18th,' and '19th,' we may say not only octavus decimus, nonus decimus, but also, with the usual subtraction, duodevicesimus, undevicesimus.

Obs. 2 In adding digits to the tens after 20, we either prefix the smaller number with et or affix it without et. Thus the 21st' is either primus et vicesimus, or vicesimus primus. When alter is used for secundus it is generally connected by et, whether it precedes or follows; thus for 'the 22nd' we may write either alter et vicesimus, or vicesimus et alter. The cardinals are often used in combination with the tens of the ordinal numbers; thus 'the 21st' may be expressed by unus et vicesimus. The usual subtraction may take place in the last numbers of the decad; thus 'the 28th,' 'the 39th,' may be written duodetricesimus, undequadragesimus.

Obs. 3 The numeral adverbs must be used for numbers above 1000, as bis millesimus, 'the two-thousandth;' decies millesimus, the tenthousandth.'

a

Obs. 4 Fractional parts are expressed by an addition of pars to the ordinal; as tertia pars, 'the third part.' But pars is often omitted, and tertia, quarta, &c., are used alone, as in English, to signify 'a third,' fourth,' &c. With dimidia, however, pars is always added to signify 'a half;' otherwise we have dimidium with a genitive, as dimidium facti, 'half the thing done;' or dimidius agrees with the noun denoting the integer, as dimidius modius, half a bushel;' dimidia hora, ‘a halfhour.' We may express 'a sixth,' either by sexta or by dimidia tertia; 'an eighth,' either by octava or dimidia quarta. The numerator of a fraction is expressed, as in English; thus we have duae septimae, i. e.