At tuba terribilem sonitum procul aere canoro

Increpuit. Virg. Aen. ix. 503. 46 29 instructos ordines: the acies, or army in line of battle, of this period consisted of either two or three lines of cohorts, each cohort counting sixty men in front, and ten deep. This was the Roman system, equally removed from the unwieldy phalanx of the Greeks and the extreme thinness of the English line.

46 30 remotis equis: compare Caesar, B.G. i. 25.

471 pedes, as a footman or on foot.

47 2 sinistros, on his left.

47 3 aspera: accusative neuter plural, object of inter, the rough places. —ab dextera rupe, on the side of the rocks to the right.

474 reliquarum signa: twelve in number. The cohort was formed of three maniples, and each maniple had its signum (a staff with some figure or badge at the end) or vexillum (a flag, attached by its upper edge to a crosspiece at the end of the staff). The cohort appears to have had no standard, probably because it existed as a regular organization only after the time of Marius, before whom the maniple was the sole division of the legion. The standard of the legion, established by Marius, was a silver eagle. — centuriones: two centurions commanded each maniple.

475 evocatos: these were veterans, who had served out their time, but were induced to volunteer by the offer of special privileges and emoluments.

476 armatum, if they were (well) armed.

479 bello Cimbrico (B.c. 101): when Marius and Catulus defeated the Cimbri near Vercellae.

47 12 Petreio: an able general, who in the Civil War joined the party of Pompey. He was defeated by Caesar in Spain (B,C. 49), was present at the battle of Pharsalus (B.C. 48), and at the decisive battle of Thapsus (B.C. 46), where the Pompeian army was totally defeated. After this battle Petreius and King Juba fell by each other's hands.

47 14 in subsidiis: cf. in subsidio, 1. 4.

47 16 latrones, bandits; insurrection, among the Romans, not being regular war (bellum), was ordinarily spoken of as latrocinium, brigandage.

47 18 amplius: see § 407. c (247. c); B. 217. 3; G. 296. R.4; H. 471. 4 (417. 1. N.2) ; H-B. 416. 1. d. — tribunus : six tribunes (two at a time) commanded the legion with equal and undivided power; after the time of Julius Caesar a legatus was placed over them.

47 19 praefectus: a general term for one appointed to a special command, particularly of the auxiliaries or the fleet.—legatus, staff officer or aid. All these held subordinate commands under the imperium of the commander-in-chief; the praetor had the imperium in virtue of his office, and was therefore the commander-in-chief of the army.

47 24 CHAP. 60.

ferentariis: skirmishers, armed with sword and

spear and light defensive armor.

47 26 pila . . . geritur: the Roman mode of attack was, first to hurl the pilum (eminus pugnare), and then 1ush upon the enemy with the sword (cominus pugnare); precisely analogous to a modern volley of musketry followed by a bayonet charge.

47 28 instare... resistunt: notice the change of construction.

481 vorsari... exsequebatur: notice the succession of historical infinitives followed by the imperfect indicative. Compare also the tenses in these twelve lines with those in the next chapter.

48 5 contra ac ratus erat, contrary to his expectation.

48 6 tendere: for the more usual contendere. - cohortem praetoriam, praetorian cohort, a picked body of men, partly evocati (see note on 47 5), partly young men of noble family, which served as bodyguard to the commander.

487 alios alibi, in various places.

48 8 utrimque ex lateribus, on both flanks.

48 10 cum paucis: i.e. with only a few.

48 13 CHAP. 61. cerneres: see § 446 (311. a); B. 280. 3; G. 258; H. 555 (485. N.1); H-B. 517. 1.

48 14 animi vis, energy, determination.

=

48 15 quem... tegebat, each man covered, etc., the place which, etc. (changing the order to suit our idiom). — vivos vivus. - pugnando: abl. (of manner) of the gerund, equivalent to the present participle pugnans.

48 17 paulo divorsius, a little farther away, i.e. from the spot where

he had taken his stand.

48 22 civis ingenuus, freeborn citizen of Rome.

48 23 iuxta, alike, i.e. not at all.

49 3 hospitem, a guest-friend; hospitium was a close relation of friendship and mutual aid between citizens of different states.

49 4 laetitia, etc.: the first pair denote outward expression, the second (in chiastic order) inward feeling, rejoicing and mourning, joy and sadness.

VOCABULARY

Other common abbreviations will be readily understood.

A hyphen (-) at the end of a word means that the word is a stem; between two words it means composition.

A plus sign (+) indicates derivation by means of a derivative suffix following the sign.

A root is generally given in SMALL CAPITALS.

A dagger (†) denotes a word not actually found, but assumed as having once existed.

A query (?) denotes a doubtful etymology or meaning.

Full-faced type in parentheses denotes other spellings or forms.

1, 2, 3, 4 refer to conjugations of verbs.

2

VOCABULARY