embroidered with blue and green daisies; others have a white ground, and bear on a black escutcheon a picture of the citadel of Susa; sometimes the robes are white and covered with flowers and stars set off by a black background; the shirt is black or yellow; the boots gold or blue. The archers are crowned with a green tor

sade, and bedecked with gold ear-rings and bracelets.' This description would evidently apply appropriately to the Persian dresses in Xenophon, Anab. i. 5. 8 τοὺς πορφυροῦς κάνδυς . . . τοὺς πολυτελεῖς Xir@vas. The long sleeves (xapidwroùs), moreover, are conspicuous in all the sculptures, as shown by the PLATE and the figures. Herodotus, therefore, is correct enough in these particular details.

c. With reference to the trousers (áva vpídas), there can be no doubt from Hdt. i. 71, iii. 87, v. 49, vii. 61, Xen. Anab. i. 5. 8, Strabo xv. 3. 19 (cited by Perrot and Chipiez Hist. de l'Art, v. p. 799, note) that the breeches or trousers formed a special part of the characteristically Median and Persian dress. Large pantaloons appear also in the Persepolitan sculptures; see, for example, Fig II. and the other figures, although in the case of the Dieulafoy archer

frieze from Susa (see PLATE) the trousers are not to be noticed. Further discussion of this subject will follow when the Avestan word rānapāna is taken up.

d. The shield (yéppov) which Herodotus contrasts with the Greek aonis is also mentioned as typically Persian; see Hdt. ix. 61, 62, 99, Xenophon Cyr. vii. 1. 17. This article of defence is not mentioned in the special paragraph of the Avesta (Vd. xiv. 9) devoted to the armour of the warrior, and is wanting also in several of the sculptures; for example, in the Dieulafoy frieze. The omission, however,

is probably due to the particular class of warrior delineated, as the shield is mentioned elsewhere in the Avesta and in other old Iranian works, and the buckler is conspicuous in the case of the Persepolis guards represented in Fig. II. For further new material on the yeppov, see Appendix II. below.

e. The large quiver (paperpeúv) is prominent in the figures of the Dieulafoy archers (see PLATE) and in the case of the sculptures on the Behistan rock (see Fig. III. below). In both these instances the quiver is suspended from the back. In Fig. I., however (see p. 98), the quiver, judging from its shape, evidently serves also as a bowholder, and is hung low by the warrior's side. This, perhaps, is the explanation of Herodotus's use of vò in the phrase vπò dè paperpeŵves Expéμavто. The quiver, merely as arrow-holder, is alluded to in Æschylus Persœ 1001–3 δϊστοδέγμονα . . . θησαυρὸν βελέεσιν. Allusion to the quiver will again be made below.

f. The spear or lance (aixun) is the next weapon in the list of Herodotus. It is to be seen in all the Persian monuments and is constantly referred to in all Iranian writings. Whether Herodotus rightly terms the Persian spears 'short' (Bpaxéas) is a question whose answer is a relative one, depending of course on the Greek point of view.

g. The bow (róέov) appears in most of the sculptures and monuments, and is naturally mentioned as an important weapon in Iranian as in other ancient writers. On the monuments the bow is usually represented as strung and as suspended at the left shoulder (see Fig. III. and the PLATE). The possibility that the bow was occasionally carried in a specially prepared quiver (see Fig. I.) has been mentioned above. The epithet μeyála, which Herodotus applies to the Persian bows, seems rather to characterize the stoutness than the length of the bow.

h. The arrows (oïoro) are naturally mentioned again and again in connection with the bow. Herodotus says that the Persian arrows were made of reed (kadaμívovs); in the Iranian writings there seems to be no mention of the material from which the shaft is made, but the weighting and tipping of the arrow is described. In the Avesta (Vd. xiv. 9) the number of darts carried in the quiver is thirty (see below).

i. The short sword or dagger (yxapídiov) which hangs from the girdle may easily be recognized in the figures (see Figs. I., II.). Herodotus draws special attention to the fact that the sword was worn at the right side (deέiós), in opposition to the custom of the

Greeks (see Merriam, Herodotus, p. 309, note). The sculptures of the rock monuments support the accuracy of the historian's testimony on this point. The yxapídiov is the karata- of the Avesta, which is discussed below.

j. The girdle or belt-úvn of Herodotus - appears also in the Avestan description of armour, and is often alluded to in Iranian

literature. A glance at Fig. I. will show the form of the girdle and the manner in which it was worn. Consult also the figure in Perrot and Chipiez, Hist. de l'Art, v. p. 843.

In concluding this part of the subject it may with justice be said that although there are one or two pieces of armour or articles of equipment which Herodotus does not mention, the omissions are

unimportant, and his statements on the whole show a fair agreement with the actual Persian sculptures that have been preserved. His statements may next be tested in the light of old Iranian literature, and for the sake of comparison the second part of this monograph will be devoted to passages in Iranian works which allude to or describe the equipment of the Persian warrior.

B. PERSIAN ARMOUR IN IRANIAN AND OTHER ORIENTAL WRITINGS.

Passing now from the stone monuments to the monuments of literature as a source for the study of ancient Persian arms, we may take up the Avesta and the Pahlavi books as furnishing additional and direct information on the subject. In this it is well to begin with the most ancient work, the Avesta of Zoroaster.

a. From the Avesta.

Foremost among the Avestan passages in which arms and armour are alluded to, is the well-known paragraph in the Vendidad (xiv. 811) in which the insignia of the priest, the implements of the husbandman, and the weapons of the warrior are enumerated and described. The military equipment is as follows: :

Vd. xiv. 91 Yaĕsham zayanam rathoishte: paoiryō arshtish, bityō karato, thrityō vazrō, tüirya thanvara, pukhdhəm zainish mat akana maṭ thrisãs-ayō-aghrāish, khshtvī fradakhshana snāvarə-bāzura maţ thrisas-fradakhshainyaish, haptathō zrādhō, ashtǝmō kūiris, nāumō paiti-dānō, dasəmō sāravārō, aēvañdasō kamara, dvadasō rānapānō.

This may be rendered: Among the weapons of the warrior are, first, a spear; second, a sword; third, a mace; fourth, a bow; fifth, a zainish with quiver, which contains thirty iron-pointed arrows; sixth, a sling, with arm-thong and with thirty slingstones; seventh, a cuirass; eighth, a hauberk (?); ninth, a tunic; tenth, a casque; eleventh, a girdle; twelfth, legguards.'

There are also a number of other passages in the Avesta which throw light on the arms of the Persians. The most important are here given.

Vd. xvii. 10 tão srvão pascaēta būn māzainyanām daēvanām arshtayasca karatayasca thanvaraca ishavasca ərəzifyō-parǝna asnaca fradakhshainya.

1 The present transcription is adopted merely for convenience.