=

suffers elision) with,

and

in Aphel (where the in all the Passives with – [n].

3. The Infinitive is formed from the Praeter in two ways. (a) In Peal by the prefix . (b) In the other conjugations and in all the Passives, by the sufformative syllables N__.

4. The Participles are also derived from the Praeter, and are formed, (a) In Peal, by merely changing the vowels, Sup, Sup; (6) In all the other conjugations and in the Passives, by prefixing which is pronounced in Paël with –, in Aphel with – and in the Passives with with,. Of the two Participles in the Active forms, the first has constantly in the last syllable, and is active; the second has in the ultimate, with a passive signification.

=

5. The formation of the persons is more simple in the Praeter and Imperative, in the Future more complex. The following table exhibits the letters and syllables employed in forming the different

persons.

6. When sufformatives are added which take the tone, (a) The vowels and (the latter only in the Fut. Peal) of the final syllable of the ground-form, are dropped, provided the sufformative commences with a vowel. Those which precede and of the 3d person plural Praeter, and the termination of the Imp., since these sufformatives do not take the tone, are retained.

(6) In the 3d pers. fem. and 1st pers. com. sing. Praet. in Peal and Ithpeel, where two consonants would, according to the above rule, come together without a vowel, Hhireq is introduced to facilitate pronunciation.

$12. REGULAR VERBS; NOTES ON THE PARADIGM.

35

Note. The principal variations of the Chaldee, from the mode of forming the persons in Hebrew, are, that, in the former, the 2d p. sing. Praet. has, generally, no distinction of gender, while the 3d p. plur. has; and that the 3. plur. fem. Fut. takes instead of n for its preformative. The sufformatives of the Future (e. g. 7) are capable of an easier explanation than in Hebrew.

§ 12. Notes on the paradigm of the Regular Verbs.

1. Forms with

I. Generally.

are often written fully (") or even with

e. g.

Gen. 3: 10. (

Ps. 16: 2.

a. 1 sing. and 2. f. plur. Praeter; as Pseudo-Jonathan,) 7722 Ex. 1: 18. Ps. Jon. b. Paël and Aphel; e. g. 772 2 K. 6:23. c. The Part. act. in Pe. e. g. n Gen. 3: 15. Jeru. Targ. Gen. 3: 9. Pseudo-Jon. should doubtless be read 2. d. The Participle Peil sometimes, though seldom appears in a contracted form; as Dan. 5: 27.

Dan. 4: 10, 20.

2. Praeter. The 2. p. sing. masc. sometimes as N Prov. 23: 8. 2 Sam. 14: 13. The 1st pers. sing. m. sometimes appears in the form n, Gen. 3: 10, 13. Pseud. Jon.; or even like the 2d person; e.g. NATRE, Gen. 3: 22. Pseud. Jon. The 3. p. pl. m. sometimes in the later Targums takes a paragogic 7; e. g. 772 Gen. 3: 7. Ps. 148: 7. The fem. sometimes appears ending in 7; as 772

.19 :1 אֲמָרָן .10 :1 Ruth

3. Future. Instead of the formative the Targum of Proverbs, in accordance with the Syriac, exhibits also ; e. g. 7 Prov. 16: 10, etc. Compare Dathe, de ratione consensus version. Chald. et Syr. Prov. Leipzig 1764. 4. pp. 16.—Instead of 77, appears as termination of the 3d p. pl. m. Ez. 4: 12. 7.

4. Infinitive. The biblical Chaldee has sometimes instead of termination of all the Inf. excepting Peal. Dan. 2: 12, 14. Ez. 7: 14. Dan. 6: 4. In the Targums sometimes appears (without suffixes) Esth. 1: 5. Ps. 102: 23. Sometimes the characteristic ending N is omitted; as 1 Sam. 26: 25. 30: 8. Paël, Aphel and the Passives have sometimes a prefixed to the Inf. e. g. 2 Sol. S. 1: 7. NUND Deut. 32: 23. Jerusalem Targ. Forms like Lev. 13: 7. Jon. bing Job 1: 13. io Deut. 18: 10. Jer. T., with paragogic "–

are more rare.

5. Passives. In the later Targums, instead of ny, occurs for the 1st. conj. n; e. g. 2 1 Sam. 23:7; and this agrees with the Rabbinical conj. Nithpaël. In the Inf. of all the conj. n; as an Ex. 21: 20. Jer. T. No Deut. 32: 1. Jer. T.

e. g. to be evil,

II. Notes on the several conjugations.

1. Peal. a. Some verbs, especially such as are intransitive, take (") or (") and a few i as the characteristic_vowel of the Praeter; to be good, an to sit, to lie (recline), AP to be strong, Tin to sleep, Gen. 2: 21. to be dry. These vowels remain in those persons where is usually retained; e.g. Prov. 30: 7. Ny Ez. 5: 9. po 4: 12. in Jer. 49: 4. The 3d p. sing. fem. also retains its vowel; as nuą Ez. 4: 24. naiŋ Ezek. 26: 2.-Such verbs in or

=

form the Imp. in

1 K. 22: 30.

; as we

Gen. 22: 2.
Dan. 5: 16.

7 Job 2: 5;
Deut. 28: 30.

the Future in
ip

Gen. 31: 35.

coexist in the

When two forms of the Future, as and or and

same verb, they have different significations; e. g. p? Num. 1: 51. [who] will approach, (Future), p? Isa. 5: 19. let [it] approach, (Optative), etc. But verbs in i form the Fut. in ; e. g. 727 Ps. 121: 4.

b. The Infinitive, in the later Targums, has sometimes the termination ; e. g. 2 Ps. 118: 7. Sometimes it has the form up, Job 29: 6. Ruth 4:6; less frequently like the Heb. big or bip; e. g. Gen. 49: 6. Ruth 2: 1. Ps. 105: 14. (even with suff.), or as Inf. absol. ip Lev. 13: 7. Pseud. Jon.

c. The Imperative exhibits, in a few instances, the full orthography bp, 2 Sam. 13: 20. Ps. 31: 24. It sometimes occurs with Hholem in accordance with Hebrew analogy; as jin Ps. 26:2; especially with suffixes; e. g. p 1 Sam. 20: 8.

2. Ithpeel. The last syllable sometimes takes — (^—); e. g. panun Dan. 2: 44. comp. 2 K. 7: 4. Prov. 3: 5. Gen. 9: 7. 12

11.-Preformative sometimes n, Dan. 7: 15.

Eccl. 12:

ie. g.

3. Paël. preformative of 1. sing. Fut. has sometimes Isa. 42: 9. DON 63: 3.—As in Hebrew, Dagesh forte is sometimes omitted when the middle radical has Sheva. Heb. Gram. § 214.

or; e. g. NN HOS. 4: Ps. 105: 25 722 Gen. 3: 15. Jer. T. 727772 Isa. 53: 5. is

מְזוּבַּן

a Heb. Pual form. 5. Aphel. In the biblical Chaldee, and occasionally in the Targums appears, as the preformative of this conj. (p), and even in the Fut. and Part. after the characteristic prefixes; e. g, a77 Ez. 5: 12.

Hiphil sometimes takes the place of Aphel in the biblical Chaldee; e. g. Dan. 5: 20. 7: 22.

§ 13. PARTICIPLES; PERSONAL INFLECTION.

37

6. Ittaphal. For this conjugation, which indeed elsewhere is seldom found, the biblical Chaldee constantly exhibits Hophal; e. g. Ez. 4: 15. Dan. 4: 33. 7: 11. (with Qamets Hhateph or Shureq).

13. Personal inflection of the Participles.

1. The Participles of all the conjugations, in order to supply the want of a Present tense, are, as in Hebrew, constructed with the separate Personal Pronouns of the first and second persons; e. g. NNP I kill. Beside this mode, the Chaldee has one peculiar to itself, viz. to inflect the Participle by the addition of pronominal fragments, thus forming in fact a new tense. The two Participles Peal are, after this mode, inflected as follows.

2. In the biblical Chaldee a kind of passive preterite tense is in use, formed by appending the sufformatives of the Praeter to the Part. Peil. It takes the place of Ithpeel.

Comp. Dan. 5: 27, 28, 30. 7: 4, 16, 11. Ezra 5: 14. That these are not to be considered forms of Praeter Peal with is plain, partly from their passive signification, and partly from the fact that other forms of the same are usually employed in the Praeter in an active sense.

* Qātelăth, not qõtlăth, § 2. 9. a. The learner should bear in mind that a knowledge of forms alone can enable him to distinguish Qamets Hhateph from Qamets.

$ 14. Unfrequent Conjugations and Quadriliterals.

1. As in Hebrew, certain unfrequent conjugations occur some of which are confined to particular classes of irregular verbs.

a. Poel and Ithpoal, especially in verbs ; characteristics, same as in Hebrew; e. g. pio Hos. 13: 5, 7310 Num. 11: 12.

b. Polel and Ithpolal, in verbs 19; e. g. 217 Ps. 75: 8. Dan. 4: 34. 2o Dan. 5: 23. Ps. 107: 25.

c. Palpel, formed by repeating the first and third radicals, and Ithpalpal; e. g. Gen. 11: 9. □, (from □1) Judg. 3: 22. 7727 (from 717) Ps. 143: 3. Comp. $$ 19, 22.

d. Shaphel and Ishtaphal; e. g. 49: 10.7 Gen. 49: 10.5

Ez. 4: 12. Gen. Ez. 4: 13.

Az Ez. 6: 15. is Shaphel from 7. Gen. 2: 2 without N, **7; Passive to procure the completion of a thing, to finish.

2. Quadriliteral verbs follow usually the form of Paël; e. g. 172 (Syr. i. q. natnrogeir) Job 37: 20. Sap 20: 15. Dan to interpret. The origin of these verbs is to be explained, for the most part, as in Hebrew. See Gesenius Lehrgeb. p. 861, seq.

Note. Altogether peculiar is the verb
Isa. 53: 11. Inf.

Pass.

(7) Dan. 3:28. Fut.

Dan. 3: 15.

Part.

Dan. 6: 28.

Gen. 32: 30. Syr. —la.

This Chaldee form should

however be regarded rather as a kind of Poel than as a quadriliteral.

15. Verbs with Gutturals.

1. The gutturals (N,,,, and to some extent also,) present the same peculiarities as in Hebrew. It will be sufficient therefore to give examples of the most important forms.