16. REGULAR VERBS WITH SUFFIXES.

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2. Verbs Pe guttural. Peal, Praet. 7 f. 1. c.

Aphel,

ON, UN, 1st. pers. n.

Note 1. When the first radical of a verb Pe guttural happens to be , this letter is frequently dropped in Ithpeel when it would be without a vowel (i. e. would have a composite Sheva), and by way of compensation, n of the prefix takes Dagesh forte; e. g. 7 instead of Num. 15: 13. 35: 33.

Note 2. Verbs Lamedh guttural have the Praet. 3. sing. fem. sometimes terminating in or == (the latter only in verbs) with the tone on the penult; e. g. n Gen. 30: 16.

Gen. 16: 3.

Dan. 5: 10.

Note 3. When the 1st. radical takes a comp. Sheva, verbs and usually have Dan. 2: 9. Sol. S. 5: 3.; verbs D and D, general

Note 4. Forms like 7 Dan. 7: 22. belong not to Aphel but to Hiphil, and are Hebraisms.

§ 16. Regular Verbs with suffix Pronouns.

1. Of the suffixes given above in the table, § 8, 2. those which begin with a vowel, are generally appended to verbal forms terminating in a consonant; and vice versa, those which begin with a consonant, to verbal forms terminating in a vowel. The Imperative and Participles

must be excepted, as they frequently take those suffixes (of the 1st pers. sing. and plur.) which have no union

of

2. The changes which verbs undergo in consequence the accession of pronominal suffixes, respect chiefly the vowels, which are sometimes dropped, sometimes transposed. See Paradigm II.

(a) Peal, Praeter. Before suffixes which have a unionvowel the 3d pers. sing. masc. has the form

as

p he killed thee, up he killed us, up he killed them [those men]. Before and the original form 15 remains. The 3d pers. plur. becomes, (before 15 and 1,,) the 2d masc. p. The 2d pers.

sing. remains unchanged though in a few cases we have for the fem. ", Jer. 15: 10.

the

.fem קְטַלְתִּי rarely), קְטַלְתְּ takes the form

Jer. 30: 14. or

The 1st pers. sing.

as Num. 23: 11.

Gen. 3: 22. Pseudo-Jon.)

1st pers. plur. has the form

The

and takes suffixes for

the most part with the union-vowel ; e. g. P

killed him.

we

(b) Future. The 3d fem., 2d masc., and 1st pers. sing. receive suffixes precisely like the 3d pers. masc. and that, for the most part, with Nun epenthetic. The 2d and 3d persons plural fem. take the form of the masculine, i. e. with suff. these forms are common. See Job 19: 15. Gen. 30: 13. Ex. 1: 16.

(c) Imperative. Forms with in the 2d. pers. plur.

=

masc. throw this vowel back to the first radical before suffixes; e. g. 77 Ex. 16: 25.

(d) The Inf. and Part. Peal, having the form of nouns, may take the suffixes either of verbs or of nouns; as

S$ 17. 18. IRREGULAR VERBS; pe nun.

41

(e) In all those persons of Paël and Aphel which terminate in the third radical, is dropped before suffixes which have a union vowel. The same takes place, (on account of the tone being thrown forward,) in the forms

up, ups. The 2d pers. sing. fem., the 2d pers. plur. masc., and the 1st pers. plur. in the Praeter receive suffixes as in Peal.

(f) The Infinitives of all the conjugations except Peal

, קַטְלוּתֵיה .e. g ;ות take before suffixes the termination

p. (Sometimes, though rarely, this ending appears out of the suffix state. Ps. 102: 32. Num. 9: 17. Est. 1: 5.)

Note 1. An epenthetic is frequently inserted between the verb and the suffix. This is most common in the Fut. and Imp.; rare in the Praet. (ex. Ps. 16: 7. Isa. 63: 9. Gen. 6: 2. Jud. 13: 23. 2 K. 20: 13); and still less frequent in the Inf. (Prov. 22: 21. Sol. S. 6: 11.)

Note 2. In the Targum on Prov. appears an epenthetic ; e. g. Tavo, mopan, 4: 6, 8.

§ 17. Irregular Verbs generally.

1. Of these there are, as in Hebrew, two general divisions, defective and quiescent. The irregularity generally respects but one letter. Verbs which exhibit irregularity

in two of their radicals are called doubly anomalous, § 24. 2. The first general division comprehends two classes, viz., and; the second, four, viz. ND, 1D (15), 7 (""), and. The last include also such verbs as in Hebrew belong to the class.

Note. The division of irregular verbs into defective and quiescent, is not of special importance, and is neglected by the most recent grammarians.

18. Verbs Pe Nun.

The irregularity in these verbs results from the same cause, and is almost throughout the same as in Hebrew.

1. The letter, where it would otherwise terminate a mixed syllable, is assimilated to the succeeding conso

. מנפק for מְפַק .nant ; e. g

2. In the Imper. Peal, where would regularly stand without a vowel in the beginning of a syllable, that letter is dropped; e. g. p for P. Beside these, which are common to Hebrew,

3. Some forms have, usually, a different characteristic vowel from that of regular verbs: thus the Future is generally like por pi; Aphel PEN. In the Imp. the forms P1, P1 and p are about equally common, though not ordinarily found in the same verb.

4. Ithpeel, Paël, and Ithpaal present no irregularity. Note 1. From No. 1. there are many exceptions, chiefly in verbs which have a guttural for the second radical; e.g. bin Isa. 5: 9. Prov. 29: 13. (But n is inflected according to the rule above; as Fut. in [instead of nim], Aphel ). Also in some others;

e. g. J♫

Note 2.

el; e. g. 7

Dan. 2: 16. Jnan Ez. 7: 20. Pia Ps. 91: 7. Pr‡t Ez. 5: 14.
The verb takes in the Fut. as its characteristic vow-

Ex. 25: 16. 7 Deut. 21: 8. Instead of this, the biblical Chaldee exhibits the full form; e. g. jan" Ez. 7: 20.—Once ¡♫* Dan.

2: 16.

§ 19. Verbs Ayin doubled.

The anomalies of these verbs, which accord only in part with the same class in Hebrew, are particularly the following.

(a) The root is a monosyllable, with its vowel between the first and second radicals, in Peal (excepting the participles), and in Aphel; and so, either

(1) No trace of the doubling of the second radical remains; as is the case in Peal Praet. 3d pers. sing. masc., 2d masc. and fem., and in the 1st and 2d persons plur., in the Imp. masc. sing. and fem. plur., and more rarely in the 1st Part.; e. g. Pl, pit, p; or

(2) It is indicated by Dagesh forte in the 2d radical in

$20. IRREGULAR VERBS; PE YODH.

43

those persons of the Praet. and Imp. Peal, the sufformatives of which commence with a vowel; as P, NPT, p; or, finally

(3) It is compensated by Dagesh forte in the first radical in the Fut. and Inf. Peal, and throughout Aphel; as PIN, PIT; or even sometimes, in Ithpeel, in ♫ of the preformative syllable ; e. g. P.

(b) Instead of Paël and Ithpaal, which are regularly formed, (see Dan. 4: 10. 7: 20. Ps. 35: 15. 42: 6.), Palpel and Ithpalpal are generally used; as PPT, PIPIN, Job 9: 17. 30: 14. Isa. 21: 9.; or Poel and Ithpoal; e. g. Dan. 4: 15. Job 9: 6.2.

The Part. of Peal are usually regular. The second, or Peil, appears once in the form pp Ex. 32: 20.

An example of Ithpeel regularly formed, is 7 Am. 7: 1. Jer. 50: 27.

§ 20. Verbs Pe Yodh (Pe Vav).

1. There are three classes of verbs which, in the ground form, have for their first radical, viz. (1) Verbs originally; (2) Verbs properly; and (3) Those in which the is not treated as a quiescent, but is assimilated like the of verbs 15.

2. Verbs originally, which constitute the most numerous class,

(a) In the Imp. Peal, which is generally pronounced with

; יְהַב for הַב יְדַע for דֶע .drop the first radical e. g

(b) Retain it quiescent in in consequence of which the last syllable takes " or " as its characteristic vowel; e. g.,. In accordance with the remark § 6. c. (4), the quiescent is, in these forms, frequently dropped; e. g. Prov. 11: 25. Ps. 104: 4. Job 3: 4.

(c) Resume their original 1, which quiesces in Hholem, throughout conjugation III.; e. g. 1, grohr, goinn; comp. Hoph. Job 33: 19.