propositions; as, Senec., Epist., 103, tempestas minatur an tequam surgat; Quaest. Nat., ii., 12, Ante videmus fulgu rationem, quam sonum audiamus. But the subjunctive is used also in other cases to denote actions about to take place, and without any difference in meaning from the indicative; as, Cic., Philip., i., 1, Antequam de republica dicam ea, quae dicenda hoc tempore arbitror, exponam breviter consilium profectionis meae.

[§ 577.] 11. With regard to quum, there is this difference, that quum causale governs the subjunctive, and quum temporale by itself requires the indicative, and in narratives only it is joined with the imperfect and pluperfect subjunctive.

The following remarks, however, may serve to explain and modify this general rule. Quum is properly a relative adverb of time, corresponding to the demonstrative adverb tum, as in tum―quum, then—when. If, therefore, nothing farther is to be expressed, it is joined with the indicative. But quum is also employed to express the relation of cause and effect, and in this sense it governs the subjunctive; e. g., quum sciam, quum scirem, quum intellexerim, quum intellexissem; i. e., as I know, as I knew, as I have learned, as I had learned-I will do this or that. When it has the meaning of "though" or "although," the sentence introduced by it does not, indeed, express the cause of what is contained in the preceding sentence, but still indicates some internal or logical connexion between the two sentences, and it is, therefore, joined only with the subjunctive; e. g., Cic., de Invent., i., 4, homines, quum multis rebus infirmiores sint, hac re maxime bestiis praestant, quod loqui possunt; Nep., Phoc., 1, Phocion fuit perpetuo pauper, quum ditissimus esse posset.

[§ 578. In a narrative, however, quum temporale is joined with the imperfect and pluperfect subjunctive, because, in a continuous narrative, a preceding event is always conceived and represented as the cause of a subsequent one; e. g., Caesar, quum Pompeium apud PharsaTum vicisset, in Asiam trajecit: here we perceive a combination of time and cause, which is expressed by the subjunctive. It only remains to be observed that this is always the case in an historical narrative, although, if we consider only the relation of time or priority, we might

believe the indicative also to be correct. Examples are extremely numerous. See § 505.

[§ 579.] But when quum is a pure particle of time, that is, when it does not occur in a narrative, and when no relation of cause and effect is to be expressed, it may be joined with all the tenses of the indicative, even with the imperfect and pluperfect, in the sense of eo tempore quum, ɔr tum quum, which expressions, in fact, often occur. Qui non defendit injuriam, neque propulsat a suis, quum potest, injuste facit, Cic., de Off., iii., 18.

Sed da operam, ut valeas, et, si valebis, quum recte navigari poterit, tum naviges, Cic., ad Tir. Ep., 12.

Credo tum, quum Sicilia florebat opibus et copiis, magna artificia (studios of artists) fuisse in ea insula, Cic., in Verr., iv., 21.

O acerbam mihi memoriam temporis illius et loci, quum hic in me incidit, quum complexus est, conspersitque lacrimis, nec loqui prae maerore potuit ! Cic., p. Planc., 41.

In like manner, quum is joined with the pluperfect in dicative, when it expresses an action frequently repeated; in this case the apodosis contains the imperfect. (See § 569, foll.)

Quum autem ver esse coeperat, cujus initium iste non a Favonio, neque ab aliquo astro notabat, sed quum rosam viderat, tum incipere ver arbitrabatur: dabat se labor atque itineribus, Cic., in Verr., v., 10.

Sic (Verres) confecto itinere, quum ad aliquod oppidum venerat, eadem lectica usque in cubiculum deferebatur, Cic., in Verr., v., 11.

Note.--The following passage of Cicero (p. Planc., 26) is particularly instructive: At ego, quum casu diebus iis, itineris faciendi causa, decedens e provincia Puteolos forte venissem, quum plurimi et lautissimi solent esse in iis locis, concidi paene, quum ex me quidam quaesisset, &c. In this passage quum -venissem is the historical protasis to concidi; but quum-solent merely explains the time implied in is diebus; the former quum may be translated by "as," but the latter is "when." Among the numerous passages in which quum is used, there are, it is true, some which seem to contradict, or actually do contradict the rule given above, for the Latin language has a sort of partiality for quum with the subjunctive, especially with the im perfect subjunctive. Thus we find in Cicero, Philip., iii., 2, C. Caesar adolescens tum, quum maxime furor arderet Antonii, quumque ejus a Brundisio reditus timeretur, firmissimum exercitum ex invicto genere veteranorum militum comparavit: here the idea of time is combined with that implied in "al though;" Cic., in Pis., 13, An tum eratis consules, quum cunctus ordo reclamabat, quum — cupere vos diceretis: here quum at first simply indicates time, but then the passage assumes the character of an historical narrative The present subjunctive is used more rarely in cases which properly re

quire the indicative; as, Cic., p. Muren., 3, nunc quum omnes me causae ad misericordiam vocent, where nunc quum is equivalent to "now as;" in the same chapter we find, Neque enim si tibi tum quum consulatum peteres, favi, idcirco nunc quum Murenam ipsum petas, adjutor eodem pacto esse debeo-where peteres is excusable, but petas must be corrected from MSS. into petis. In other passages there are other reasons for using the subjunctive; e. g., p. Muren., 38, qui locus est, quod tempus, qui dies, quae nox, quum ego non ex istorum insidiis divino auxilio eripiar-here the subjunctive arises from the indefinite or general question; Cic., in Verr., i., 10, Haec neque quum ego dicerem, neque quum tu negares, magni momenti nostra esset oratio. Quo tempore igitur aures judex erigeret animumque attenderet? Quum Dio ipse prodiret, quum ceteri, qui tum in Sicilia negotiis Dionis interfuissent: quum tabulae virorum bonorum proferrentur, &c., &c. Opinor, quum haec fierent, tum vos audiretis, tum causa vere agi videretur: here the subjunctive with quum arises from the hypothetical construction of the whole sentence. In the peculiar passage, de Leg. Agr., ii., 24, 64, unum hoc certe videor mihi verissime posse dicere, tum quum haberet respublica Luscinos-et tum quum erant Catones-tamen hujuscemodi res commissa nemini est-commentators justly explain as an anacoluthon, for the sentence begins in a direct way, and afterward becomes an indirect speech. Whatever, therefore, may be the explanation in each particular passage, the statement of some critics that quum temporale is used indiscriminately with the indicative or subjunctive, must be rejected from grammar. If we take into consideration the deviations from the rule mentioned in this note and what was said in § 570, the beginner may, perhaps, take the following as his general guide: quum may always be joined with the imperfect and pluperfect subjunctive; the other tenses are in the indicative with quum temporale, and in the subjunctive with quum

causale.

[§ 580.] 12. The following must be observed as pecaliarities in the use of quum temporale: 1. Quum is joined with the perfect or imperfect indicative to express simultaneous occurrences which are indicated in English by "while." This simultaneousness is marked more emphatically by adding interea or interim. The perfect, in this case, is used in historical narratives, and the imperfect in descriptions. 2. Quum is joined with all tenses of the indicative, and more especially with the present to ex press the decided beginning of an action, in which case it does not introduce a protasis, but rather an apodosis. It is commonly preceded by adverbs; as, jam, nondum, vix, aegre, or quum itself is joined with repente and subito. Catulus, quum ex vobis quaereret, si in uno Cn. Pompeio omnia poneretis, si quid eo factum esset, in quo spem essetis habituri: cepit magnum suae virtutis fructum ac dignitatis, quum omnes prope una voce, in eo ipso vos spem habituros esse, dixistis, Cic., p. Leg. Man., 20. Caedebatur virgis in medio foro Messanae civis Romanus, judices, quum interea nullus gemitus, nulla vox alia istius miseri inter dolorem crepitumque plagarum audiebatur, nisi hacc civis Romanus sum, Cic., in Verr., v., 62

Evolarat jam e conspectu fere fugiens quadriremis, quum etiamtum ceterae naves uno in loco moliebantur, Cic., in Verr., v., 34.

Jam in conspectu, sed extra teli jactum utraque acies erat, quum priores Persae inconditum et trucem sustulere clamorem, Curt., iii., 25 (10).

Jamque, qui Dareum vehebant equi, confossi hastis et dolore efferati, jugum quatere et regem curru excutere coeperant, quum ille, veritus ne vivus veniret in hostium potestatem, desilit et in equum, qui ad hoc sequebatur, imponitur, Curt., iii., 27 (11), and in innumerable other passages of this writer.

Non dubitabat Minucius, qui Sopatrum defendebat, quin iste (Verres), quoniam consilium dimisisset, illo die rem illam quaesiturus non esset, quum repente jubetur dicere, Cic., in Verr., ii., 29.

[ 581.] Note 1.-In farther confirmation of our first remark, that quam, in the sense of "while," is construed with the perfect indicative, we add, Cic., p. Ligar., 1, Bellum (inter Caes. et Pomp.) subito exarsit, quod, qui erant in Africa, ante audierunt geri, quam parari. Quo audito, partim cupiditate in considerata, partim caeco quodam timore, primo salutis, post etiam studii sur quaerebant aliquem ducem: quum Ligarius domum spectans et ad suos redire cupiens nullo se implicari negotio passus est: quum here properly introduces the principal action, "while Ligarius would not allow himself to be implicated," although, at the same time, it expresses simultaneousness. Comp., also, Cic., in Pis., 34, quum quidem tibi etiam accessio fuit; Philip., ix., 4, 9, quum quidem ille pollicitus est; for these passages must be read in their connexion, in order to see the difference between the indicative which ex presses the actual beginning of the actions, and the imperfect subjunctive. The addition of quidem, too, must be observed, as well as interim in Florus, iii., 17, in fin., Sed pretium rogationis statim socii flagitare (Perfect): quum interim imparem Drusum aegrumque rerum temere motarum matura (ut in talı discrimine) mors abstulit.

[$582.] Note 2.-Quum, in both cases, is used by historians (Livy, Tacitus) also with what is called the historical infinitive (infinitivus historicus). Instances of quum, in the sense of "while," are Tacit., Ann., ii., 31, Cingeba tur interim milite domus, strepebant etiam in vestibulo, ut audiri, at aspici possent: quum Libo, ipsis, quas in novissimam voluptatem adhibuerat, epulis excruciatus, vocare percussorem, prendere servorum dextras, inserere gladium; Liv., ii., 27, victor tot intra paucos dies bellis Romanus promissa consulis fidemque senatus expectabat: quum Appius quam asperrime poterat jus de creditis pecuniis dicere. The following is an instance of quum expressing the actu al beginning of an action: Tacit., Ann., xiv., 5, nec multum erat progressa navis, quum dato signo ruere tectum loci. Cicero does not use such expres sions, but as the infinitive is a real substitute for the present in lively de scriptions, there is nothing to be said against it.

CHAPTER LXXIX.

IMPERATIVE MOOD.

[§ 583.] 1. THE imperative, both in the active and pass. ive, has two forms: the imperative present and the imperative future. (See § 151.) Both express a command, but also a wish, an advice or exhortation. The difference in the meaning of the two imperatives is this: the imperative present expresses that something is to be done directly or at once; as, lege, read! morere, die! or that a thing which exists at present is to continue to exist; as, vive felix. The imperative future puts the command in connexion with some other action, and expresses that something is to be done in future, when, or as soon as, something else has taken place. It is, however, not necessary that the other action should be expressed in words, but in many cases it is supplied by the mind; e. g., Cic., in Verr., iv., 1, Rem vobis proponam; vos eam suo, non nominis pondere penditote, i. e., weigh it, viz., quum proposuero.

Quum valetudini tuae consulueris, tum consulito navigationi, Cic., ad Fam., xvi., 4.

Quodquum hujus vobis adolescentiam proposueritis, constituitote vobis ante oculos etiam hujus miseri senectutem, Cic., P. Coel., in fin.

Prius audite paucis; quod cum dixero, si placuerit, facitote, Terent., Eun., v., 11, 19.

Note. This is the view of the ancient grammarians respecting the dif ference between the two tenses of the imperative. Vossius and Perizonius (on Sanct., Minerv., i., 13, no. 8), and after them the modern grammarians, have, without cause, abandoned that view, and substituted a groundless theory about a milder and a stronger expression of a command. Comp. Nic. Bygom Krarup's dissertation de natura et usu imperativi, Havniae, 1825 (reprinted in Friedemann and Seebode's Miscellanea Critica, vol. ii., p. 728, foll.). There are some exceptions in which the imperative pres ent is used for the imperative future; but a poet has a right to represent things as taking place at once, which in reality can occur only at a subsequent time. (So, also, in Livy, vi., 12, Tu, T. Quinti, equitem intentus ad primum initium moti certaminis teneas: ubi haerere jam aciem collato pede videris, tum terrorem equestrem occupatis alio pavore infer, invectusque ordines pugnantium dissipa.) Respecting scito and scitote, instead of the im perative present, which is wanting, see ( 164. Otherwise our rule is only confirmed by passages in which the two imperatives occur, as that of Terence quoted above, or Cic., Philip., vi., 6, 17; ad Fam., xvi., 6; and also by those in which the preceding action is not expressed, but may be understood; e. g., in the Rhet., ad Herenn., iv., 51, where the conduct of a boaster is described, Itane? inquit: eamus hospites, frater venit ex Fals