eximium quemque pulchritudine, caudis in speluncam traxit. Hercules ad primam auroram somno excitus cum gregem 6 perlustrasset oculis et partem abesse numero sensisset, pergit ad proximam speluncam, si forte eo vestigia ferrent. quae ubi 5 omnia foras versa vidit nec in partem aliam ferre, confusus atque incertus animi ex loco infesto agere porro armentum occepit. inde cum actae boves quaedam ad desiderium, ut fit, 7 relictarum mugissent, reddita inclusarum ex spelunca boum vox Herculem convertit. quem cum ad speluncam vadentem Cacus vi 10 prohibere conatus esset, ictus clava fidem pastorum nequiquam invocans mortem occubuit.

Euander tum ea profugus ex Peloponneso auctoritate magis 8 quam imperio regebat loca, venerabilis vir miraculo litterarum, rei novae inter rudes artium homines, venerabilior divinitate 15 credita Carmentae matris, quam fatiloquam ante Sibyllae in Italiam adventum miratae eae gentes fuerant. is tum Euander, 9 concursu pastorum trepidantium circa advenam manifestae reum caedis excitus, postquam facinus facinorisque causam audivit habitum formamque viri aliquantum ampliorem augustioremque 20 humana intuens, rogitat, qui vir esset. ubi nomen patremque ac 10 patriam accepit, 'Iove nate, Hercules, salve' inquit. 'te mihi mater, veridica interpres deum, aucturum caelestium numerum cecinit, tibique aram hic dicatum iri, quam opulentissima olim in terris gens maximam vocet tuoque ritu colat.' dextra Hercules 11 25 data accipere se omen impleturumque fata ara condita ac dicata

12 ait. ibi tum primum bove eximia capta de grege sacrum Herculi adhibitis ad ministerium dapemque Potitiis ac Pinariis, quae tum familiae maxime inclitae ea loca incolebant, factum. 13 forte ita evenit, ut Potitii ad tempus praesto essent, iisque exta apponerentur, Pinarii extis adesis ad ceteram venirent dapem. 5 inde institutum mansit, donec Pinarium genus fuit, ne extis 14 sollemnium vescerentur. Potitii ab Euandro edocti antistites sacri eius per multas aetates fuerunt, donec tradito servis publicis sollemni familiae ministerio genus omne Potitiorum interiit. 15 haec tum sacra Romulus una ex omnibus peregrina suscepit, 10 iam tum inmortalitatis virtute partae, ad quam eum sua fata ducebant, fautor.

1 VIII. Rebus divinis rite perpetratis vocataque ad concilium multitudine, quae coalescere in populi unius corpus nulla re 2 praeterquam legibus poterat, iura dedit; quae ita sancta generi 15 hominum agresti fore ratus, si se ipse venerabilem insignibus imperii fecisset, cum cetero habitu se augustiorem, tum maxime 3 lictoribus duodecim sumptis fecit. alii ab numero avium, quae augurio regnum portenderant, eum secutum numerum putant; me haud paenitet eorum sententiae esse, quibus et apparitores 20

here is a prophecy.' We have 'fata Sibyllina' in Cic. Cat. 3. 4. The abl, abs. which follows is to be rendered by building and dedicating the altar.' Hercules said that as it had been prophesied an altar should be built, he would fulfil the prophecy by building one.

6. donec Pinarium. The name is connected with this prohibition to eat of the sacrifice. Hercules is said to have pronounced the sentence ὑμεῖς δὲ πεινάσετε. Serv. ad Aen. 5. 269. Livy here seems to regard the race as extinct, but Diod. (4. 21) expressly declares that it still survived.

20. haud paenitet. Madvig says, 'in good prose "haud" is commonly not used with verbs (except in the expression “haud scio an")but only with adjectives and adverbs.' Livy, however, uses it not unfrequently with verbs. We have 'haud dubito' (Preface), haud ambigam' (c. 3) ‘haud paenitet and haud paeniteret' (c. 8), 'haud aspernatus' and 'haud displicet' (c. 23). The rule seems to be that 'haud' negatives a single word, not a whole proposition. In the above cases the negative is merely formal and readily disappears in translation. Haud dubito' is I am sure,' 'haud pae

8. tradito servis. See the whole story nitet,' 'I am content,' haud aspernatus,' in 9. 29.

With chaps. viii-xvi. cp. Hist. Ex. pp. 35-39.

15. ita sancta . . . si, only on condition that.'

16. se ipse. Cp. 49, 7.

18. alii ab numero. He uses alii' for 'some' as if another 'alii' were to follow, but afterwards changes the form of the expression, and writes eorum.'

'hit

19. upon or decided for that number;' but I find no similar use of sequor' elsewhere.

'consenting,' haud displicet,' 'pleases well.' So haud scio an is I suspect.' In c. 14 we have haud' with a noun, but the case is precisely similar, haud iniuria caesum,' i. e. deservedly slain.'

apparitores. This is the general name for the underlings of the magistratus.' There were four classes of them: lictores,' 'viatores,' 'praecones,' scribae.' Horace belonged to the last class. See Sat. 2. 6, 36. The MSS. have apparitores et hoc genus ... sumpta est, numerum quoque.' The 'et' after 'apparitores' was struck out

5

hoc genus ab Etruscis finitimis, unde sella curulis, unde toga praetexta sumpta est, et numerum quoque ipsum ductum placet; et ita habuisse Etruscos, quod ex duodecim populis communiter creato rege singulos singuli populi lictores dederint. Crescebat interim urbs munitionibus alia atque alia ad- 4 petendo loca, cum in spem magis futurae multitudinis quam ad id, quod tum hominum erat, munirent. deinde ne vana 5 urbis magnitudo esset, adiciendae multitudinis causa vetere consilio condentium urbes, qui obscuram atque humilem con10 ciendo ad se multitudinem natam e terra sibi prolem ementiebantur, locum, qui nunc saeptus descendentibus inter duos lucos est, asylum aperit. eo ex finitimis populis turba 6 omnis sine discrimine, liber an servus esset, avida novarerum perfugit, idque primum ad coeptam magni15 tudinem roboris fuit. Cum iam virium haud paeniteret, con- 7 silium deinde viribus parat: centum creat senatores, sive quia is numerus satis erat, sive quia soli centum erant, qui creari

rum

6

by James Gronovius, and 'et' inserted before ' numerum by Hermann. These emendations are accepted by Madvig and others. On the use of hoc genus, see Madvig, Lat. Gr. § 238. The 'quoque' after numerum is inserted to show that the number is the special point here in question.

6

4. communiter creato rege. This seems to mean, when a king was created in common,' for this only happened occasionally in Etruria.

As to the derivation of all these things from Etruria, it is sufficient to say that the most recent critics see reason to reduce the Etruscan influence at Rome to a minimum. In their eagerness to find a special origin for everything, the ancients exaggerated casual resemblances; and it can be shown that many institutions which they derive from Etruria were common to all the Italians.

6

6. in spem... ad id. 'In' implies reference to an indefinite, ad' to a definite standard. Cp. 44, 12.

8. adiciendae multitudinis. So the MSS., but Madvig adopts an old emendation alliciendae.'

vetere consilio condentium urbes. Livy seems to be thinking of the legend of Cadmus and the dragon's teeth. Possibly he has also in view the myth in Plat. Rep. 3. 21 D ἦσαν δὲ τότε τῇ ἀλη

θείᾳ ὑπὸ γῆς ἐντὸς πλαττόμενοί τε καὶ τρεφόμενοι.

9. conciendo. See above, 5. 6.

II. descendentibus inter duos luCos est. This is an instance of Livy's way of slurring difficulties. He says that 'on descending' you find an enclosed space 'inter duos lucos.' On descending what? As we have been told that Romulus' city was on the Palatine, we naturally assume that this is the hill meant. Livy, however, does not say so; and as a matter of fact it was on the Capitoline. Not knowing how to explain this, he suppresses it. With the dative descendentibus' compare metientibus' 23. 22, 3, and fingenti' 26. 38, 10.

12. turba omnis, 'a promiscuous

crowd.'

13. liber an servus esset. Dionysius (2. 15) says just the opposite, without distinction, provided only they were free.' One of the two must have mistaken the meaning of his authority.

15. Cum iam. . haud paeniteret, 'when he began to be contented.' Observe the imperfect subj. preceding the historic present. So below, 'daret,' 9, 6, and 'obicerentur,' 14, 9. But the present subj is found, as Kühnast remarks, in five passages of this book, viz. 'vertat, 28, 1, conveniant,' 50. I, 'destituat,' 41, 2, 'dixerit,' 54, 7, 'sit,' 59, 7.

patres possent: patres certe ab honore, patriciique progenies eorum appellati.

1 IX. Iam res Romana adeo erat valida, ut cuilibet finitimarum civitatum bello par esset; sed penuria mulierum hominis aetatem duratura magnitudo erat, quippe quibus nec domi spes 5 2-prolis nec cum finitimis conubia essent. tum ex consilio patrum Romulus legatos circa vicinas gentes misit, qui societatem 3 conubiumque novo populo peterent: urbes quoque ut cetera ex infimo nasci; dein, quas sua virtus ac dii iuvent, magnas sibi 4 opes magnumque nomen facere; satis scire origini Romanae et 10 deos adfuisse et non defuturam virtutem; proinde ne gravarentur homines cum hominibus sanguinem ac genus miscere. 5 nusquam benigne legatio audita est: adeo simul spernebant, simul tantam in medio crescentem molem sibi ac posteris suis metuebant; a plerisque rogitantibus dimissi, ecquod feminis 15 quoque asylum aperuissent: id enim demum conpar conubium efore. aegre id Romana pubes passa, et haud dubie ad vim spectare res coepit.

Cui tempus locumque aptum ut daret Romulus, aegritudinem 7 animi dissimulans ludos ex industria parat Neptuno Equestri 20 sollemnis; Consualia vocat. indici deinde finitimis spectaculum

I. patres certe. See on the Patricians and Senate, p. 56.

4. hominis aetatem duratura, only one generation.' The omission of 'only' is not uncommon. See 10, 7. Cp. 3. 54, 4 differri donec,' 'is only postponed till,' etc., and 4. 20, 6 ea rite opima spolia habentur,' 'those only are strictly considered,' etc. Cp. Virgil's 'Funere felici spolior' (Aen. 7. 599): 'What I am robbed of is only a happy death.'

8. urbes quoque. This passage is

quoted in Quint. 9. 2, 37 as an instance of oratio obliqua.

II. proinde ne gravarentur. 'Proinde' introduces the conclusion finally drawn from a number of arguments. Cp. 39, 3, and Virg. Aen. 11. 383 'Proinde tona eloquio.' In Greek, wpòs TαÛTα.

15. a plerisque. MSS. have ac plerisque.' But Madvig aptly compares 24. 6, 4 dimissique sunt ab quaerente per iocum Hieronymo.'

16. id enim demum, 'for nothing short of that.' Dr. Dyer misses the exact meaning when he gives, 'In that manner

they would find suitable wives' (Hist. p. 68).

21. Consualia vocat. The altar of 'Consus' was in the Circus Maximus, and the 'Consualia' were always accompanied with Circensian games. In representing the Sabine women as carried off at games and on the 'Consualia,' it seems evident that the legend originally supposed the rape to have taken place in the Circus. And this is expressly said by Virgil, Aen. 8. 639, and by Cicero, Rep. 2. 7, 12. Livy, however, does not allude to the Circus. The reason is, that in c. 35 he tells us that the Circus was the work of Tarquinius Priscus, and that in his time first boxers and racers were brought from Etruria. By comparing the two passages we gain an insight into his manner of concealing discrepancies. Ovid reconciles the two stories by supposing a rustic temporary theatre made by Romulus on what was afterwards the site of the Circus: the objection to which is, that this place was at that time a marsh.

iubet, quantoque apparatu tum sciebant aut poterant conce- 8 lebrant, ut rem claram exspectatamque facerent. multi mortales convenere, studio etiam videndae novae urbis, maxume proximi 9 quique, Caeninenses Crustumini Antemnates; iam Sabinorum 5 omnis multitudo cum liberis ac coniugibus venit. invitati hospitaliter per domos cum situm moeniaque et frequentem tectis urbem vidissent, mirantur tam brevi rem Romanam crevisse. 10 ubi spectaculi tempus venit, deditaeque eo mentes cum oculis erant, tum ex composito orta vis, signoque dato iuventus 10 Romana ad rapiendas virgines discurrit. magna pars forte 11 in quem quaeque inciderat, raptae; quasdam forma excellentes primoribus patrum destinatas ex plebe homines, quibus datum. negotium erat, domos deferebant. unam longe ante alias insignem 12 specie ac pulchritudine a globo Talassii cuiusdam raptam ferunt, 15 multisque sciscitantibus, cuinam eam ferrent, identidem, ne quis violaret, Talassio ferri clamitatum: inde nuptialem hanc vocem factam. turbato per metum ludicro maesti parentes virginum 13 profugiunt, incusantes violati hospitii foedus deumque invocantes, cuius ad sollemne ludosque per fas ac fidem decepti 20 venissent. nec raptis aut spes de se melior aut indignatio est 14 minor. sed ipse Romulus circumibat, docebatque patrum id superbia factum, qui conubium finitimis negassent. illas tamen in matrimonio, in societate fortunarum omnium civitatisque, et quo nihil carius humano generi sit, liberum fore. mollirent modo 15

that Livy does not even see the inconsistency of saying that games in honour of Neptune were called Consualia.' It is impossible to discover the least connection between Consus and Neptunus. But the Greeks connected their Poseidon with the horse, and honoured him with horse races; and in the Circus Flaminius there was an altar of Neptunus, as there was an altar of Consus in the Circus Maximus.

I. concelebrant, ut . . . facerent. Madvig conjectures concelebrat' and 'faceret,' which, perhaps, would be rather better, but he does not seem to prove that Livy must have written so.

4. iam Sabinorum. Madvig and Hertz read 'etiam' after Scheibius. Iam,' with the last term of an enumeration, occurs in Plaut. Capt. I. 2, 59 opus turdetanis, opus est ficedulensibus; iam maritimi omnes milites opus sunt mihi.' Fleckeisen there reads 'tum.' 8. deditaeque eo mentes. On this