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Now, heaven thee save, thou reverend friar;

I pray thee tell to me

If ever, at your holy shrine

My true-love thou did see.

And how should I your true-love know

From any other one?

O, by his cockle-hat and staff,

And by his sandal-shoon.

The holy father thus replied:
O lady, he is dead and gone,

And at his head a green grass turf,

And at his heels a stone.

Weep no more, lady; lady, weep no more.
Thy sorrow is in vain;

For violets plucked, the sweetest showers
Will ne'er make grow again.

Yet stay, fair lady, rest awhile,

Beneath yon cloister wall:

See through the hawthorn blows the wind,

And drizzling rain doth fall.

O stay me not, thou holy friar,

O stay me not I pray;

No drizzling rain that falls on me
Can wash my fault away.

"-to MAN MY HAGGARD"-To tame my hawk. In the technical language of hawking, to watch or wake, was one of the means of taming, by preventing sleep. To bate is to flutter.

SCENE II.

"An ancient ANGEL coming down the hill"-" For 'angel,' Theobald, and after him, Hanmer and Warburton, read engle; which Hanmer calls a gull, deriving it from engluer, Fr., to catch with bird-lime; but without sufficient reason. Mr. Gifford, in a note on Jonson's Poetaster,' is decidedly in favour of enghle, with Hanmer's explanation, and supports it by referring to Gascoigne's 'Supposes,' from which Shakespeare took this part of his plot:---' There Erostrato (the Biondello of Shakespeare) looks out for a person to gull by an idle story, judges from appearances that he has found him, and is not deceived: - At the foot of the hill I met a gentleman, and, as methought by his habits and his looks, he should be none of the wisest.' Again: 'this gentleman, being, as as I guessed at the first, a man of small sapientia.' And Dulippo, (the Lucentio of Shakespeare,) as soon as he spies him him c coming, exclaims: 'Is this he?

go meet him: by my troth, HE LOOKS LIKE A GOOD SOUL; he that fisheth for him might be sure to catch a codshead.'-Act ii. scene 1. These are the passages,' says Mr. Gifford, which our great Poet had in view; and these, I trust, are more than sufficient to explain why Biondello concludes, at first sight, that this 'ancient piece of formality' will serve his turn. This is very true; and yet it is not necessary to change the reading of the old copy, which is undoubtedly correct, though the commentators could not explain it. 'An ancient angel,' then, was neither more nor less than the good soul of Gascoigne; or, as Cotgrave (often the best commentator on Shakespeare) explains it:- AN OLD ANGEL, by metaphor, a fellow of th' old sound honest and worthie stamp-un angelot à gros escaille. One who, being honest himself, suspects no guile in others, and is therefore easily duped. I am quite of Mr. Nares's opinion, that enghie is only a different spelling of ingle, which is often used for a favourite, and originally meant one of the most detestable kind: we have no example adduced of its ever having been used for a gull."-SINGER.

"Master, a mercatante," etc.-Marcantant is the word given in the old folio; "mercatantè" is the Italian for merchant: Biondello did not know whether he was a merchant or a pedant. "Mercatante" is the amendment of Stevens.

"Nor never needed that I should entreat"-This line (by mere typographical carelessness) is omitted in "Malone's SHAKESPEARE," by Boswell, and in very many of the best editions since 1803, when it was first dropped in Reed's edition of Johnson and Stevens's text.

The omission has been corrected in Knight's " Pictorial," and in some other modern editions.

"No, no, forsooth; I dare not, for my life." "We subjoin the parallel scene from the old play :Enter SANDER and his Mistress.

San. Come, mistress.

Kate. Sander, I prithee help me to some meat,

I am so faint that I can scarcely stand.

San. Ay, marry, mistress, but you know my master has given me a charge that you must eat nothing, but that which he himself giveth you.

Kate. Why, man, thy master needs never know it. San. You say true, indeed. Why look you, mistress, what say you to a piece of beef and mustard now?

Kate. Why, I say 'tis excellent meat; canst thou help

me to some?

San. Ay, I could help you to some, but that I doubt the mustard is too choleric for you. But what say you to a sheep's head and garlic?

Kate. Why, anything, I care not what it be.

San. Ay, but the garlic I doubt will make your breath stink, and then my master will curse me for letting you eat it. But what say you to a fat capon ?

Kate. That's meat for a king, sweet Sander, help me to some of it.

San. Nay, by'rlady! then 'tis too dear for us; we must not meddle with the king's meat.

Kate. Out, villain! dost thou mock me?

Take that for thy sauciness.

[She beats him.'

"Grey has been hastily betrayed into a remark, upon this scene in Shakespeare, which is singularly opposed to his usual accuracy:- This seems to be borrowed from Cervantes's account of Sancha Panza's treatment

by his physician, when sham governor of the island of Barataria. The first part of 'Don Quixote' was not published till 1605; and our Poet unquestionably took the scene from the old Taming of a Shrew,' which was published in 1594."-KNIGHT.

"-is sorted to no PROOF"-i. e. Approof, or approbation.

"--his RUFFLING treasure"-Pope changed this to rustling. "Ruffling" was familiar to the Elizabethan literature. In Lily's "Euphues" we have, "Shall I ruffle in new devices, with chains, with bracelets, with rings, with robes?" In Ben Jonson's "Cynthia's Revels," we find, " Lady, I cannot ruffle it in red and yellow."

"Come, tailor, let us see these ornaments."

The imitation by Shakespeare of the scene in the old play, in which the Shrew is tried to the utmost by her husband's interference with her dress, is closer than in almost any other part. The "face not me," and "brave not me," of Grumio, are literal transcripts of the elder jokes. In the speech of Petruchio after the Tailor is driven out, we have three lines taken, with the slightest alteration, from the following :

Come, Kate, we now will go see thy father's house,
Even in these honest, mean habiliments;
Our purses shall be rich, our garments plain.

And yet how superior in spirit and taste is the rifacimento!

"Enter FERANDO and KATE, and SANDER.

San. Master, the haberdasher has brought my mis tress home her cap.

Fer. Come hither, sirrah: what have you there? Haberdasher. A velvet cap, sir, an it please you. Fer. Who spoke for it? didst thou, Kate? Kate. What if I did? Come hither, sirrah, give me the cap; I'll see if it will fit me.

[She sets it on her head.

Fer. O monstrous! why, it becomes thee not: Let me see it, Kate. Here, sirrah, take it hence, This cap is out of fashion quite.

Kate. The fashion is good enough: belike you mean to make a fool of me.

Fer. Why, true, he means to make a fool of thee, To have thee put on such a curtal'd cap. Sirrah, begone with it.

Enter the Tailor with a Gown.

San. Here is the tailor, too, with my mistress' gown. Fer. Let me see it, tailor: what, with cuts and jags? Zounds, thou villain, thou hast spoiled the gown!

Tailor. Why, sir, I made it as your man gave me direction. You may read the note here.

Fer. Come hither, sirrah.

Tailor, read the note.

Tailor. Item, a fair round compassed cape.
San. Ay, that's true.

Tailor. And a large trunk sleeve.

San. That's a lie, master, I said two trunk sleeves. Fer. Well, sir, go forward.

Tailor. Item, a loose-bodied gown.

San. Master, if ever 1 said loose bodied gown, sew me in a seam, and beat me to death with a bottom of brown thread.

Tailor. I made it as the note bade me.

San. I say the note lies in his throat, an thou too an thou sayest it.

Tailor. Nay, nay, ne'er be so hot, sirrah, for I fear you not.

San. Dost thou hear, Tailor, thou hast braved many men: brave not me. Thou hast faced many men

Tailor. Well, Sir?

San. Face not me: I'll neither be faced nor braved at thy hands, I can tell thee.

Kate. Come, come, I like the fashion of it well enough; Here's more ado than needs; I'll have it, ay, And if you do not like it, hide your eyes; I think I shall have nothing by your will."

"A custard-COFFIN"-A coffin, (says Stevens,) was the ancient culinary term for the raised crust of a pie or

custard.

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- a CENSER in a barber's shop"-Stevens tells us that these "censers" were like modern brasiers. They were probably curiously ornamented.

"-take thou the BILL, give me thy METE-YARD, and spare not me"-" The joke intended is lost, unless we remember that bill' meant either a piece of paper, or, a weapon such as was carried by watchmen, etc., in the time of Shakespeare. On the title-page of Decker's • Lanthorne and Candle-light,' quarto, (1609,) is a representation of a watchman armed with a bill.' "-COLL.

"Exeunt Tailor AND HABERDASHER"-Collier was the first editor who took pity on the haberdasher, and dismissed him from the stage, for his exit is not mentioned in any prior edition. He had, perhaps, stood trembling by, after producing the cap.

After this exeunt (conclusion of scene 3,) the characters, before whom the play is supposed to be exhibited, were introduced, from the old play, by Mr. Pope, in his

edition :

Lord. Who's within here? Enter Servants.) Asleep again? Go take him casily up, and put him in his own apparel again. But see you wake him not in any case.

Serv. It shall be done, my lord; come help to bear him hence. [They bear off SLIE.

Johnson thought the fifth act should begin here.

SCENE IV.

"I cannot tell, EXPECT they are busied about a counterfeit assurance"-The first folio reads "expect," which is changed to except in the later editions. "Expect" is here used, as frequently by old authors, in what is now its Yankee sense, i. e. Believe, think, that they are busied, etc.

Here, in the old play, (conclusion of scene 4.,) the tinker speaks again:

Slie. Sim, must they be married now?
Lord. 1, my lord.

Enter FERANDO and SANDER,

Slue. Look, Sim, the foole is come againe now.

are

SCENE V.

"Good lord! how bright and goodly shines the moon." We follow Knight's example in going on with the more striking scenes from the old play. The incidents literally copied by Shakespeare, are, and although the poetic etic imagery substituted in the improved play has more truth and spirit, yet there is some splendour (how. ever overloaded) in the more elaborate passages of the original, so that, indeed, Pope thought them worth extracting and preserving in his edition, as "seeming to have been from the hand of Shakespeare himself," as a part author even of the earlier play.

"Fer. Come, Kate, the moon shines clear to-night, methinks.

Kate. The moon? why, husband, you are deceiv'd, It is the sun.

Fer. Yet again, come back again, it shall be
The moon ere we come at your father's.

Kate. Why, I'll say as you say; it is the moon.
Fer. Jesus, save the glorious moon!
Kate. Jesus, save the glorious moon!

Fer. I am glad, Kate, your stomach is come down;

I know it well thou know'st it is the sun,
But I did try to see if thou wouldst speak,
And cross me now as thou hast done before;
And trust me, Kate, hadst thou not named the moon,
We had gone back again as sure as death.
But soft, who's this that's coming here?

Enter the DUKE of CESTUS, alone.
Duke. Thus all alone from Cestus am I come,

And left my princely court and noble train,
To come to Athens, and in this disguise,
To see what course my son Aurelius takes.
But stay, here's some, it may be, travels thither;
Great sir, can you direct me the way to Athens ?

Fer. [speaks to the old man.] Fair, lovely maiden,

young and affable,

More clear of hue, and far more beautiful
Than precious sardonix or purple rocks
Of amethysts or glittering hyacinth,
More amiable far than is the plain,
Where glittering Cepherus in silver bowers
Gazeth upon the Giant, Andromede.
Sweet Kate, entertain this lovely woman.

Duke. I think the man is mad: he calls me a woman
Kate. Fair, lovely lady, bright and crystalline
Beauteous and stately as the eye-train'd bird,
As glorious as the morning washed with dew,
Within whose eyes she takes her dawning beams
And golden summer sleeps upon thy cheeks,
Wrap up thy radiations in some cloud,
Lest that thy beauty make this stately town
Inhabitable like the burning zone,
With sweet reflections of thy lovely face."

" I know, it is THE MOON" - "The repetition by Katharine is most characteristic of her humbled deportment. Stevens strikes out the moon,' and says the old copy redundantly reads,' etc."-KNIGHT.

"- seemeth green"-" This is another proof of Shakespeare's accurate observation of all natural phenomena. When one has been long in the sunshine, the surrounding objects will often appear tinged with green. The reason is assigned by writers on optics." SINGER.

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Why, sir, what 'CERNS it you"-Thus the folio of 1623: it is a colloquial abbreviation of concerns, which is substituted in the folio of 1632, and in very many later

editions.

"While counterfeit SUPPOSES blear'd thine eyne"This may be an allusion to Gascoigne's comedy, entitled "Supposes," from which several of the incidents were borrowed. Gascoigne's original was Ariosto's " I Suppositi." The word "supposes" was often used by Shakespeare's contemporaries; one instance, from Drayton's epistle of King John to Matilda may suffice:

And tell me those are shadows and supposes. To "blear the eye" anciently signified to deceive, to cheat. The reader will remember Milton's-spells

Of power to cheat the eye with blear illusions.

"My cake is dough"-A proverbial expression, when any disappointment was sustained. Gremio has already used it, act i. scene 1, of this play, with an addition, "our cake's dough on both sides," more emphatically to indicate how completely expectation had failed.

SCENE II.

TRANIO, BIONDELLO, GRUMIO, and others, attend1ng"-According to the old stage-direction, "the servingmen with Tranio bring in a banquet." A banquet, as Stevens observes, properly meant what we now call a dessert, though often taken generally for a feast; and to this Lucentio refers when he says

My banquet is to close our stomachs up,
After our great good cheer.

"Have at you for a BETTER jest or two"-So the old copies; but Capell suggested "bitter jest or two," and he has been usually followed. Petruchio means "a better jest or two" than Bianca's last, about "head and horn."

"I'll venture so much of my hawk," etc.-"So all the old copies. The modern editors, objecting to Shakespeare's phraseology, have uniformly represented him to have written' on my hawk,' etc."-COLLIER.

"Then VAIL your stomachs"-i. e. Lower, or abate your pride.

"-though you hit the WHITE" to "hit the white" is a phrase borrowed from archery; the "white" being the centre of the target.

"Exeunt"-The old play continues thus:

Then enter two, bearing SLIE in his own apparel againe, and leaves him where they found him, and then goes out; then enters the Tapster.

Tapster. Now that the darksome night is overpast,

And dawning day appears in christall skie,

Now must I haste abroade: but softe! who's this?

What, She? O wondrous! hath he laine heere all night?
Ile wake him; I think he's starved by this,

But that his belly was so stufft with ale:

What now, Slie? awake for shame.

Slie. (Awaking.) Sim, give's more wine. What all the players gone!-Am I not a lord?

Tap. A lord, with a murrain! come, art thou drunk still?

Slie. Who's this? Tapster?-Oh I have had the bravest dream that ever thou heard'st in all thy life.

Tap. Yea, marry, but thou hadst best get thee home, for your wife will curse you for dreaming here all night.

Slie. Will she? I know how to tame a shrew. I dreamt upon it all this night, and thou hast wak'd me out of the best dream that ever I had; but I'll to my wife, and tame her too, if she anger me.

early works, (in which no such familiarity with Italy is manifest,) but belongs to the period of the MERCHANT OF VENICE:

"This comedy was entirely rewritten from an older one by an unknown hand, with some, but not many, additions to the fable. It should first be observed that in the older comedy, which we possess, the scene is laid in and near Athens, and that Shakespeare removed it to Padua and its neighbourhood; an unnecessary change, if he knew no more of one country than of the other.

"The dramatis personæ next attract our attention. Baptista is no longer erroneously the name of a woman, as in HAMLET, but of a man. All the other names, except one, are pure Italian, though most of them are adapted to the English ear. Biondello, the name of a boy, seems chosen with a knowledge of the language,as it signifies a little fair-haired fellow. Even the shrew has the Italian termination to her name, Katharina. The exception is Curtis, Petruchio's servant, seemingly the housekeeper at his villa; which, as it is an insignificant part, may have been the name of the player; but, more probably, it is a corruption of Cortese.

""Act I. Scene I. A Public Place. For an open place or a square in a city, this is not a home-bred expression. It may be accidental; yet it is a literal translation of una piazza publica, exactly what was meant for the scene.

"The opening of the comedy, which speaks of Lombardy and the University of Padua, might have been written by a native Italian :

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Here let us breathe, and happily institute
A course of learning, and ingenious studies.

"The very next line I found myself involuntarily repeating, at the sight of the grave countenances within the walls of Pisa:

Pisa, renowned for grave citizens.

They are altogether a grave people, in their demeanour, their history, and their literature, such as it is. I never met with the anomaly of a merry Pisan. Curiously enough, this line is repeated, word for word, in the fourth act.

"Lucentio says, his father came 'of the Bentivolii:' this is an old Italian plural; a mere Englishman would write of the Bentivolios.' Besides, there was, and is, a branch of the Bentivolii in Florence, where Lucentio says he was brought up.

"But these indications, just at the commencement of the play, are not of great force. We now come to something more important; a remarkable proof of his having been aware of the law of the country in respect to the betrothment of Katharina and Petruchio, of which there is not a vestige in the older play. The father gives her hand to him, both parties consenting, before two witnesses, who declare themselves such, to the act. Such a ceremony is as indissoluble as that of marriage, unless both parties should consent to annul it. The betrothment takes place in due form, exactly as in many of Goldoni's comedies :

*

*

Bap.
Give me your hands;
God send you joy, Petruchio! 'tis a match.

Gre, and Tra. Amen! say we; we will be witnesses.

Instantly Petruchio addresses them as 'father and wife;' because, from that moment, he possesses the legal power of a husband over her, saving that of taking her to his own house. Unless the betrothment is understood in this light, we cannot account for the father's so tamely yielding afterwards to Petruchio's whim of going in his 'mad attire' with her to the church. Authority is no longer with the father; in vain he hopes and requests the bridegroom will change his clothes; Petruchio is peremptory in his lordly will and pleasure, which he could not possibly be, without the previous Italian be

Mr. Brown's remarks on this play, as a comedy bearing the "peculiar feature and stamp" of Italy, are very curious, and show that if Shakespeare did not actually visit Italy (according to Mr. Brown's supposition) some time between the composition of the earlier ROMEO AND JULIET and the date of the MERCHANT OF VENICE, and the remodelling of this play, he had certainly, in that interval, become very familiar with the scenery, manners, customs, and cities of Italy, through some other source. They serve also to strengthen the conclusion to which the internal evidence of style had led my mind, as to the date of this piece; that it was not one of his very || trothment.

"Padua lies between Verona and Venice, at a suitable distance from both, for the conduct of the comedy. Petruchio, after being securely betrothed, sets off for Venice, the very plac for finery, to buy rings and things, and fine array' for the wedding; and, when married, he takes her to his country-house, in the direction of Verona, of which city he is a native. All this is complete; and in marked opposition to the worse than mistakes in the Two GENTLEMEN OF VERONA, which was written when he knew nothing whatever of the country.

"The rich old Gremio, when questioned respecting the dower he can assure to Bianca, boasts, as a primary consideration, of his richly furnished house :

First, as you know, my house within the city
Is richly furnished with plate and gold;
Basons and ewers, to lave her dainty hands;
My hangings all of Tyrian tapestry:
In ivory coffers I have stuff'd my crowns,
In cypress chests my arras, counterpoints,
Costly apparel, tents, and canopies;
Fine linen, Turkey cushions 'boss'd with pearl,
Valance of Venice gold in needlework;
Pewter and brass, and all things that belong
To house or house-keeping.

the intuitive knowledge of genius,) in opposition to her ladyship's opinion, opinion, I beg leave to quote Dr. Johnson: Shakespeare, however favoured by nature, could impart only what he had learned. With this text as our guide, it behooves us to point out how he could obtain such an intimate knowledge of facts, without having been, like Lady Morgan, an eye-witness to them.

"In addition to these instances, the whole comedy bears an Italian character, and seems written as if the author had said to his friends, - Now I will give you a comedy, built on Italian manners, neat as I myself have imported.' Indeed, did I not know its archetype, with the scene in Athens, I might suspect it to be an adaptation of some unknown Italian play, retaining rather too many local allusions for the English stage.

"Some may argue that it was possible for him to learn all this from books of travels now lost, or in conversation with travellers; but my faith recoils from so bare a possibility, when the belief that he saw what he described, is, in every point of view, without difficulty. and probable. Books and conversation may do much for an author; but should he descend to particular descriptions, or venture to speak of manners and customs intimately, is it possible he should not once fall into error with no better instruction? An objection has been made, imputing an error, in Grumio's inquiring after the 'rushes strewed.' But the custom of strewing rushes, as in England, belonged also to Italy: this may be seen in old authors; and their very word giuncare, now out of use, is a proof of it. English Christian-names, incidentally introduced, are but translations of the same Italian names, as Catarina is called Katharine and Kate; and, if they were not, comedy may well be allowed to

"Lady Morgan, in her 'Italy,' says, (and my own observation corroborates her account,) " there is not an article here described, that I have not found in some one or other of the palaces of Florence, Venice, and Genoa -the mercantile republics of Italy-even to the Turkey cushions 'boss'd with pearl.' She then adds, 'this is the knowledge of genius, acquired by the rapid perception and intuitive appreciation,' etc.; never once suspecting that Shakespeare had been an eye-witness of such furniture. For my part, (unable to comprehend || take a liberty of that nature." -C. A. BROWN.

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