Ihm's is adsectantium, attending him '. line 8; Introd. II. § 5. j. (2).

e diverso: cf. page 61,

Page 45. 1. cavere: the lacuna may be filled as in Roth's text: sollicitum maluisse. Quidam dicere etiam.

=

10. apud Xenophontem : in the Cyropaedia, VIII. 7, especially § 25. 13. pridie quam': die ante quam; we may attribute the use of the subjunctive here to the influence of the cum-construction, just as, for example, with the dum-clause in Liv., I. 40. 7, dum . . . averteret.

14. apud Marcum Lepidum: later one of the Second Triumvirate, then Magister Equitum; cf. Plut., Caes. LXIII; App., B. C. II. 115. 479. 15. repentinum inopinatumque : άπроσdóкηтоs is the word in Plutarch (Caes. LXIII).

anno this would fix the date

16. sexto et quinquagensimo. .

of his birth as 100 B.C. See note to page 1, line 1.

17. ore

§ 3. a.

decernentium: i.e. by a formal decree; Introd. II.

18. ludis: celebrated by Octavianus. Cf. Plin., N. H. II. 25. 93, quos faciebat Veneri, etc.

ei: it would be more usual a comet, identified by the peoAugustus suggested or at any 7; Plut., Caes. LXIX.

19. consecrato: when he was deified. to omit the pronoun. stella crinita: ple with the spirit of the deified Julius. rate profited by this idea: see Dio, XLV. 24. Curiam: in Pompey's theater; see page 41, line 22. the coördinate subjects are the two infinitives and the ne-clause.

Chapter 89. Fate of the Assassins

placuit:

Damnati

28. sua morte: by a natural death; cf. Sen., Ep. 69. 6. omnes by the lex Pedia. the Ides of March 44, B.C. It is said that Brutus and Cassius killed themselves with the same daggers with which they had murdered Caesar; cf. Plut., Caes. LXIX; Dio, XLVIII. 1. 1.

This law annulled the amnesty voted just after
As to Q. Pedius see note to page 43, line 8.

AUGUSTUS (27 B.C.-14 A.D.)

Chapter 1. The Octavian Family

Page 46. 1. Velitris: Velitrae, modern Velletri, a picturesque town on a spur of Monte Artemisio on the southern slope of the Alban Hills, overlooking the Pomptine Marshes, twenty-six miles by rail from Rome. It is mentioned among the original thirty cities of the Latin League and, again, as a Volscian city; cf. Dion. H., Ant. Rom. V. 61. 3, III. 41. 5, VI. 42. 1-2. Though colonized twice, at least, by Rome, in 492 and 404 B.C., it long maintained a traditional hostility towards Rome and partial independence; cf. Dion. H., Ant. Rom. VII. 12. 4–5, 13. 5; Diod., Bibl. Hist. XIV. 34; Liv. VI. 12. 6, 13. 8, 21. 2-3, 22. 1–3, 29. 6, 36. 1-2, 4-5, VII. 15. 11. Joining in the Latin revolt of 340 B.C., Velitrae was selected for most severe punishment at the close of the war in 338 B.C. Its walls were destroyed and its local senators carried beyond the Tiber, while their places were filled by a new body of Roman colonists. From this time Velitrae becomes an ordinary municipal town, receiving the Roman civitas by the lex Iulia of 90 B.C. It gained some celebrity from having been the native place of the Octavii, who were already Roman citizens. Cf. Liv. VIII. 3. 9, 13. 4-5, 14. 5-7, XXX. 38. 8, XXXII. 1. 10. praecipuam: distinguished; in this sense often applied to persons in Silver Latin: cf. Quint., Inst. VI. 3. 3, praecipui in eloquentia viri; Tac., Ann. XII. 40. 2, praecipuus scientia rei militaris Venutius.

2. vicus: street. From this meaning was derived that of 'quarter', 'district' of a town or city. celeberrima : most frequented; its proper signification. Cf. Cic., pro Leg. Manil. XII. 33, portum Caietae celeberrimum ac plenissimum navium, and see page 73, line 7, celeberrimos ludos. oppidi probably used interchangeably with urbs except as Velitrae is distinguished from Rome; cf. Tib. 1. 1; Oth. 1. 1.

...

vocabatur et ostendebatur ara: chiastic order; lines 10 f., reditum . . confecit habuitque . . . contionem. II. § 10. h.

cf.

vicus

page 3, See Introd.

3. ara Octavio consecrata . . bello dux finitimo: observe the position of Octavio and dux; cf. page 48, line 29, subita vi et incerta; page 58, line 21, commutavit multa et instituit.

4. Octavio: by an Octavius; best construed as a dative of the agent, but may also imply that the altar served as a rendezvous 'for' the family of the Octavii: see Introd. II. § 4. h; cf. page 9, line 27, Campum Stellatem maioribus consecratum; Tac., Germ. 3. 3, aram . . . Ulixi consecratam. Yet it was consecrated 'to' some deity, perhaps Mars. Commemoration of events of note in a family was not infrequent. See note to page 9, line 27. bello... finitimo: Velitrae often engaged in border warfare as well as in conflicts with Rome. See note to line 1, above.

5. rem divinam: sacrifice; cf. page 103, lines 5 f., omnem rei divinae apparatum; Tib. 44. 2, re divina peracta. It is used less frequently in the plural; cf. Liv. I. 8. 1, Rebus divinis rite perpetratis; Cic., de Div. II. 10. 25, rebus divinis procuratis.

6. semicruda: half raw. The sacrificial parts would ordinarily not be taken from the altar in this condition; cf. Marquardt, Röm. Staatsv. III2. 182 f. foco: ara; mainly poetic in this sense; to be taken with rapta: snatched from the altar and offered up (prosecuit)'. Cf. Ov., Met. IV. 753-755, where focus is identified with ara:

Dis tribus ille focos totidem de caespite ponit,

Laevum Mercurio, dextrum tibi, bellica virgo;
Ara Jovis media est.

prosecuit: peculiar to the ritual of sacrifice; refers to the 'cutting' or 'chopping' into pieces of the inwards of the victim, the exta, after they were cooked, but before they were finally burnt upon the altar. Hence came the terms prosecta, prosiciae, prosicies, prosicium, of the parts thus treated. The procedure is described in Ovid, Met. XII. 150-154:

Festa dies aderat qua Cygni victor Achilles
Pallada mactatae placabat sanguine vaccae.
Cuius ut inposuit prosecta calentibus aris

Et dis acceptus penetravit in aethera nidor,
Sacra tulere suam, pars est data cetera mensis.

7. victor redit: in describing the fall of Veii Livy relates (V. 21. 8) a story which affords an interesting parallel. The Romans had completed their mine beneath the city when they heard, as the king of Veii was sacrificing, vocem haruspicis dicentis qui eius hostiae exta prosecuisset, ei