these two orders had opposing interests, as the Senators were excluded from trade and the equites practically from political power. Their antagonism showed itself more especially in the matter of the provinces, which the Senators wished to oppress by official plunder and the equites by commercial extortion.

28 4 summo . . . tempore, most critical time (more lit. extreme crisis): the year of the consulship of Pompey and Crassus (B.C. 70).

28 5 inveteravit (emphatic position), there has come to be deeply rooted (observe that the figure is quite different in the Latin). — opinio, notion or idea (not so strong as our opinion, which should be sententia).

287 exteras nationes: the reference is, of course, to the peoples subject to Rome, who were aggrieved by the rapacity of the provincial governors.

28 8 his iudiciis: in consequence of the situation described above (note on ordinis, 1. 2) it became all important for one class or the other to control the courts, before which any misdoings of either party were likely to come for trial. For years these two orders had struggled for such control. At this particular time the courts were in the hands of the Senators, who were bound together by a common cause to shield any one of their number who might be charged with misconduct as a provincial governor.

292 neminem (more emphatic than nullum): translate, never.

29 3 (SECT. 2.) cum (causal) sint, when men are ready. — contionibus et legibus, harangues and bills (proposed laws). The proposition of a law which took the exclusive control of the courts from the Senators was even now pending, and the law (Lex Aurelia) was passed before the case of Verres was decided.

29 5 conentur, purpose clause.

297 magnitudine, abl. of means. - spe, abl. of specification.

299 actor, complainant, i.e. agent or attorney for conducting the suit in personal processes (in personam).

29 11 adduxi enim hominem, etc.: cf. Burke, Impeachment of Warren Hastings: "We have brought before your Lordships the first man in property and power; we have brought before you the head, the chief, the captain-general in iniquity, one in whom all the frauds, all the peculations, all the tyranny in India are embodied, disciplined, and arrayed. Then, if we have brought before you such a person, if you strike at him, you will not have need of a great many more examples, you strike at the whole corps if you strike at the head."-in quo, in whose case. - reconciliare, etc., win back the lost repute.

statement of these charges, see chs. iv, v.

29 14 juris urbani, i.e. as praetor urbanus (see sect. 12).

29 16 (SECT. 3.) vos, opposed to ego, below. - religiose, according to your oath.

29 18 religionem veritatemque: here, feeling of obligation and regard for the truth. Notice that the Latin, having a comparatively poor vocabulary, is obliged to use one word for all the phrases or sides of an idea; hence such a word as veritas may mean truth (abstractly), a truth (concretely), the truth (generally), regard for truth, or truthful conduct. 29 19 judicium, etc., i.e. the court will be found wanting, --not a suitable defendant or a zealous prosecutor.

Chaps. II, III. Verres had already relied on bribing the courts. His vain attempt to delay his trial by the trumped-up Achaian case. His present effort to procure a postponement by corrupt means. 29 21 equidem, i.e. for my own part.

29 22 quas partim, some of which.

29 23 devitarim, subj. as a part of the concession contained in cum ... sint: § 593 (342); B. 324, 1; G. 663, 1; H. 652 (529, ii); H.-B. 539. 29 24 neque... neque, following numquam, does not destroy the negative, but is more emphatic than aut . . . aut.

29 29 (SECT. 4.) istius: see note on Rosc. Am., p. 4, l. 16.

29 30 Glabrioni: the prætor presiding.

29 31 ordini . . . senatorio, the senatorial order, nay, the very name of Senator.

29 32 dictitat, constantly repeats: § 263, 2 (167, b); B. 155, 2, a; G. 191, 1; H. 364 (336); H.-B. 212, 1. - esse metuendum: for erat met. in dir. disc.; hence followed by the secondary sequence, i.e. those would have to fear (if the case were theirs), but he, etc. § 584, a and N. (336 A, N.1); H.-B. 581, 6, 1. — quod, i.e. only what.

301 multis, i.e. not only for himself but also for his counsel and for those whom he may wish to bribe, in particular, the jurors (see sect. 40).

30 3 pecunia belongs to both clauses, as is shown by their parallelism.possit: for tense, see § 485, c (287, c); B. 268, 7; G. 513; H. 55° (495, vi); cf. H.-B. 478.

30 4 (SECT. 5.) esset: imperf. subj. in protasis of a continued condition lasting till now; § 517, a (308, a); B. 304, 2; G. 597, R.11; H. 579, I (510, N.2); H.-B. 581.

30 6 fefellisset, he would have eluded us.

cadit: pres. tense, of an

action lasting till now; § 466 (276, a); B. 259, 4; G. 230; H. 533

(467, 2); H.-B. 485.

309 corrumpendi judici, of bribing the court (cf. our phrase "bribery and corruption ").

30 11 factus sit: for sequence, see § 485, c, N.2 (287, c, N.); B. 268, 6; G. 513; H. 550 (495, vi); cf. H.-B. 478; notice that the perf. would necessarily be used in the dir. disc. with cum primum.

30 13 tempus. . . offenderet, he hit an unfavorable time; because popular sentiment was already so exasperated in regard to the corruption of the courts.

30 14 (SECT. 6.) in Siciliam inquirendi, i.e. for going into Sicily to make an investigation (hence the acc.).

30 15 invenit . . . qui, he found some one who.

30 16 in Achaiam, sc. inquirendi: on this trumped-up case, which was intended to have the precedence of the trial of Verres, see Introd. to this Oration (p. 27).-ut... conficeret, purp. clause dependent on invenit. 30 19 Brundisium, Brindisi, the port whence the greater part of Italian travel, now as then, embarks for the East.

30 20 obii, went throughout. populorum, communities: the word populus, meaning originally multitude, is a semi-abstract noun often used to denote the community in its official capacity. Our use of the word people in some later meanings frequently produces confusion in the minds of beginners. The political system of the ancients was composed of an indefinite number of petty communities, all possessing a certain degree of independence. Hence the plur. is used here to indicate several such communities.

30 21 ut ... posset (clause of result), imperf. by seq. of tenses: translate, however, can.

30 23 qui... obsideret (purpose), to block my chance (of bringing Verres to trial).

30 25 (SECT. 7.) nunc: i.e. now that his former scheme has failed. 30 26 hoc, this new idea. What the idea is is detailed in sects. 7, 8: viz. the reasons for desiring a postponement together with grounds for hoping for it.

30 30 civis, citizens, i.e. Romans travelling or doing business in the provinces, or provincials who had received the citizenship.

30 31 socios, allies: citizens of communities which, although embraced within the boundaries of Roman provinces, had, for special reasons, been allowed to retain a nominal independence, with their own laws and magistrates.

312 auctoritatibus, documents, i.e. official testimony (" resolutions," etc.) relating to the acts of Verres.

31 3 (SECT. 8.) bonis, good citizens: here, as generally in Cicero, used in a partisan sense for the aristocracy.

316 experiatur: this violates the sequence of tenses in order to make the meaning clear; the imperf. would refer to the time of getting the money, not to the present moment; cf. § 481, N. (287, h, N.); B. 268, 7; G. 509, 1, N.; H.-B. 478.

317 fuerit: the subj. shows that this is the thought of Verres, and not merely something thrown in by Cicero.-tempus: the present scheme of the defence is by corrupt means to stave off the trial to a more advantageous time (see chs. vi-viii).

31 8 posset: imperf. to express his purpose at the time of the purchase. 319 criminum vim, the force of the charges. - poterat: indic., the reason being Cicero's. (The whole passage is an instructive example of the freedom of a living language from its own trammels. Rules are made for language, not language for rules.)

31 12 (SECT. 9.) eloquentia, gratia: even mere rhetorical skill or personal influence would be, to a criminal who had no case (causa), a respectable (honesto) means of escape compared with these attempts at corruption.

31 13 profecto, I am sure.

31 14 aucuparetur, be fishing for (lit. set nets for birds).

31 15 ut... fieret, as to have some one chosen to be put on trial; the Senate itself was insulted by the selection of one of its members to be set up as a man of straw, that Verres might get clear. The reference is to the trumped-up case with regard to abuses in Achaia (see sect. 6). 31 16 hic, i.e. Verres.

31 17 causam . . . diceret, stand trial.

31 17 (SECT. 10.) quibus . . . rebus, from this (abl. of means with perspicio).

31 20 consilio, panel, i.e. the body of jurors (cf. Rosc. Am., p. 24, l. 2). An obvious, and apparently a deserved, compliment. Whatever the general character of the courts, Cicero had in this instance secured a jury on whom he could rely.

31 21 in rejectione . . . judicavit, decided at the challenging (“throwing out") of the jury, i.e. on seeing the kind of men challenged by the two sides respectively.

...

31 22 ut. constitueret. . . arbitraretur: subst. clauses of result (justified by the introductory ea) instead of the more regular acc. and inf. of ind. disc.; § 571, c (332,ƒ); G. 557, R. and N.1; cf. H. 571, 4 (501, iii).

Chaps. IV, V. Crimes of Verres from his youth up. His quæstorships. His city-prætorship. His career in Sicily. His guilt is notorious.

31 25 etenim, introducing the reason of nullam sibi rem, etc., above.

31 29 (SECT. 11.) adulescentiae, i.e. before he entered public life.

31 30 quaestura, quæstorship, the first grade of political honor.

321 Carbonem: Carbo was the leader of the Marian faction after the death of Marius and Cinna. He was consul B.C. 82, the year of Sulla's return and victory. Verres was his quæstor (or paymaster), and went over to the enemy with the money-chest when he saw which side was likely to prevail.

a

32 3 necessitudinem religionemque: the quæstor was originally nominated specially by the consul; and the peculiarly close and sacred relation (necessitudo) existing between them was known as pietas, sentiment akin to filial affection. The designation by lot (sors) was also held to be a token of divine will, and therefore sacred (religio). In betraying his consul, then, Verres was guilty of more than an ordinary breach of trust, he committed an act of impiety.

324 legatio: Verres was in B.C. 80-79 legatus and acting quæstor (pro quaestore) of Dolabella, whose province was Cilicia. The extortions of the two were practised in the adjoining regions of Pamphylia, Pisidia, and parts of Asia (i.e. of the Roman province of Asia, the old kingdom of Pergamus, embracing the western part of Asia Minor); totius is a rhetorical exaggeration.

327 scelus. . . quaestorium: Verres treated Dolabella much as he had treated Carbo. Neither of these infamous commanders deserved better treatment; but this does not excuse the perfidy of Verres.

329 pro quaestore, acting quæstor: when there was a vacancy in a provincial quæstorship, the commander might appoint any person to perform the duties of the office.

32 10 adduxit: Dolabella, in addition to the odium of his own crimes, had to bear the infamy of the outrageous acts of Verres; and after all Verres saved himself by turning against him (oppugnavit) and appearing as a witness in his trial for extortion.

32 12 (SECT. 12.) aedium, etc. The public buildings were regularly under the charge of the ædile, not of the prætor; the cases referred to here were certain flagrant instances of corruption and extortion arising out of contracts for public buildings, in which the prætor had it exceptionally in his power to interfere for his own advantage.