like passage of Cic. (Cat. 1. 2, 5) we read in Etruriae faucibus,' but there seems no reason for accepting the inferior readings which insert 'in' before 'faucibus,' or omit 'urbis' after 'in sinu;' cf. Hermes 1. 236.

P. 83, 1. 5. de confessis. There is an example in point of the case of the disclosures of the horrors of the Bacchanalia, Liv. 39. 17, 'adducti ad consules fassique de se nullam moram fecere.'

1. 6. de manufestis. This was a technical term of the old Roman law for a criminal detected in the act; thus Aul. Gell. 11. 18, II, 'manifestum furtum quod deprehenditur dum fit.' In such cases there would be no appeal to tribune or people to stay the sentence of the magistrate, and justice was therefore summarily administered.

more maiorum supplicium. In this are implied the two elements, (1) of the punishment of death as distinct from the exile or outlawry which followed at the worst from the action of the jury courts; (2) of the absence of any technical proceedings 'in iudicio,' or pleading in court, which were dispensed with where the magistrate had power of dealing summarily with the accused. Cf. Zumpt, Criminalrecht 1. 2, 173.

1. 8. c. 53. postquam Cato adsedit. Cicero appears to have called on scarcely any more senators to speak after Cato; cf. Vell. Paterc. 2. 35, 3, 'paene inter ultimos interrogatus.' He was tribune designate at this time.

1. II. senati decretum fit. This term is applied to a resolution of the senate when a vote had been taken, and might therefore be a single clause of the senatusconsultum, in which it was expressed. Cf. definition of Festus, 'senatus decretum a consulto Aelius Gallus sic distinguit ut id dicat particulam quandam esse senatusconsulti.'

1. 14. mari atque terra. Some eight variations occur of the usual form 'terra marique;' cf. Dräger, 2. 62.

1. 17. legionibus. The Roman historians did not scruple to apply to foreign nations the technical terms of their own civil and military systems.

1. 19. facundia, often used by Sallust, though not by Cicero or Caesar. 1. 20. ante Romanos. So Tac. Ann. 13. 54, 3, 'nullos mortalium armis aut fide ante Germanos esse.' The construction is avoided by Cicero and Caesar.

1. 25. effeta parente. The common reading of the best MSS. is 'effeta parentum,' which cannot be explained in any natural sense. Dietsch thinks that a substantive has dropped out of the text, and would supply 'aetate;' Ritschl prefers 'vi' (Rh. Mus. 1866, p. 316); Wirz proposes to insert esset' before 'effeta,' and strike out 'parentum' as part of a marginal note.

1. 28. viri duo. Tacitus refers to this contrast as familiar to his

readers, ut quondam C. Caesarem et M. Catonem, ita nunc te, Nero, et Thraseam avida discordiarum civitas loquitur' (Ann. 14. 22, 2).

1. 29. quin. This use of 'quin' is somewhat unusual, as in 39. 4. It may perhaps be explained as following the 'non praeterire,' though the negative really belongs to 'fuit consilium ;' cf. Constans 198.

1. 31. c. 54. genus, aetas, eloquentia. The eminence of the elder Cato gave a dignity to the plebeian Porcii, which rivalled that of the patrician Julii. Caesar was five years older than Cato. As to the eloquence of the latter, cf. Cic. Brut. 118, 'Stoici traducti a disputando ad dicendum inopes reperiuntur; unum excipio Catonem, in quo perfectissimo Stoico summam eloquentiam non desiderem.'

P. 84, 1. 3. nihil largiundo. Yet he is said to have sanctioned bribery to secure the election of Bibulus, the colleague of Caesar; cf. Sueton. Jul. 19, 'ne Catone quidem abnuente eam largitionem e republica fieri.'

miseris perfugium. The bankrupt in character and fortune flocked to the camp of Caesar, who was ready to welcome all who might be useful as adherents, and was generous by temper as well as policy; cf. Sueton. Jul. 27, ‘reorum aut obaeratorum aut prodigae iuventutis subsidium unicum ac promptissimum erat.'

1. 6. sua neglegere. Cf. the account in Suetonius (Jul. 72) of the way in which he sacrificed his personal comfort to provide for a sick attendant, and his reputation to reward his neediest adherents.

1. 8. bellum novom. Not a fresh war,' in the sense of one following fast upon another,' but 'begun by himself,' of which he had the sole responsibility. Fabri quotes passages of Livy in which 'novum ' is used in this sense (9. 42, 3; 31. 8, 5).

1. 10. severitatis. Cato's rigid formalism was carried almost to fanaticism; Caesar's personal ambition made light of principle and customary scruples; neither could understand the other, and Caesar, who showed mercy to the living, bitterly attacked the reputation of his fallen enemy.

1. 11. cum strenuo virtute. Compare the extravagant language of Vell. Paterc. 2. 35, 2, ‘homo virtuti simillimus et per omnia ingenio diis quam hominibus propior, qui nunquam recte fecit, ut facere videretur, sed quia aliter facere non potuerat.'

1. 12. esse quam videri bonus. A reminiscence of the famous line applied to Aristides, οὐ γὰρ δοκεῖν δίκαιος, ἀλλ ̓ εἶναι θέλω (Aesch. S. c. Th. 589).

1. 17. c. 55. triumviros. Dietsch has 'tresviros,' and the MSS. commonly put 'III viros,' though not always. The sing. 'triumvir' was first formed with the 'partitive gen., as 'a man of three,' and this compound word was then declined, but the form 'tresviri' was also used. The 'III viri

capitales' or 'nocturni' were police officials, who without any judicial competence had the care of prisoners and executions, and took measures for the safety of the streets at night.

1. 19. ceteris, abl.; cf. above, 52. 25.

1. 20. est in carcere. The 'carcer Mamertinus' ascribed to Ancus Marcius was 'media urbe imminens foro' (Livy, 1. 32, 7). The two chambers called 'the prison of St. Peter' have been always known, but recent explorations have brought to light a series of large chambers 40 feet long by 14 wide, now separated from the others by the Via di Marforio. They were made probably out of the old quarries of tufa ('lautumiae') which was dug out of the hill-side to build the walls, and the large blocks still distinguish the masonry of the earliest times. In the vault of each is a man-hole through which a prisoner might be lowered, and a long passage and drain below it connect them with the great Cloaca into which the bodies of criminals might be flung; cf. Parker, Archaeology of Rome, 1. 103. Here were imprisoned Perseus, Jugurtha, Vercingetorix, Seianus, and others.

Tullianum. Festus gives the usual derivation of the word: 'Tullianum quod dicitur, pars quaedam carceris, Tullium regem aedifi. casse aiunt.' He adds, however, 'tullios alii dixerunt esse... rivos.' There is such a natural spring in the lower of the two chambers shown as the prison of St. Peter, and this may have given the name.

1. 23. incultu, a rare word, found Jug. 2. 4, and Livy, 42. 12. The floors of the prison were little above the level of the Tiber, and they are flooded now at times, but in the time of Tiberius the floor was raised about six feet. The Acts of the Martyrs give a horrible description of their state in later times.

1. 25. vindices, the executioners,' slaves or freedmen in attendance on the 'triumviri capitales,' or more probably those officials themselves; cf. Cic. de Leg. 3. 3, 6, 'minores magistratus. . . . vincula sontium servanto, capitalia vindicanto.' Some MSS. have 'indices' and 'iudices,' and the phrase has been therefore regarded with suspicion. The old theory was that the magistrate who sentenced the criminal executed the sentence through his attendants, but after the appointment of the 'triumviri capitales' to deal with the prison, the carnifex becomes the agent, and the lictors cease to use the axe and rods, which become mere symbols of authority.

1. 28. exitium, here equivalent to exitum,' as in the older Latin generally according to Festus.

1. 29. supplicium sumptum. When all was over Cicero went forth with leading senators to the forum to announce their death with the word 'vixerunt.'

1. 33. c. 56. cohortis. Cf. note on 59. 2.

P. 85, l. 1. voluntarius, a new recruit, as distinct from those already privy to the movement ('socii ').

1. 5. sparos. Servius (Verg. Aen. 11. 682) says that 'sparus' is 'rusticum telum ad modum pedis recurvum.' Corssen derives from a root spar- or spal-, whence 'pilum,' 'palpare,' ' pellere,' etc. (1. 525).

1. II. servitia repudiabat. Stress has been laid upon these words, as by Ihne, as tending to disprove the strong language of Cicero and Sallust about the designs of Catiline. The state itself had armed its slaves ('volones') in the Second Punic War, but this marked the urgency of the crisis.

cuius. Used collectively of the whole class described by 'servitia ;' cf. Thuc. 1. 80, 3, ἀλλὰ τοῖς χρήμασιν ; ἀλλὰ πολλῷ ἔτι πλέον τούτου ¿λλeíπoμev; and 7. 48, 6 (Poppo).

1. 21. c. 57. transalpinam. Possibly to the Allobroges, who were known to be in an unsettled state.

1. 22. ex difficultate rerum, 'way out of the strait in which he found himself.'

1. 27. utpote qui, coupled here with the conj., though 'quippe qui' always takes an indic. in Sallust.

1. 28. expeditus. Nearly all the MSS. have 'expeditos,' which as the sentence stands can make no sense. Dietsch thinks that it ran originally 'expedi[tus impedi]tos,' and that the bracketed syllables have fallen out. Ritschl suggests in preference 'expedi[to tarda]tos.' The following words 'in fuga' would then have a natural place.

P. 86, l. 1. c. 58. conpertum ego habeo. Yet the practice seems to have been universal among the Greek republics, and generally among the citizen soldiers of antiquity.

1. 6. timor animi. With this pleonasm we may compare 'lubido animi,' 51.4; 'ferocia animi,' 61. 4; ‘iudicium animi,' Jug. 4. 4.

1. 9. dum... opperior. In the prose of Cicero 'dum' is only once used with the pres. indic., though oftener in later writers. Its position here in an 'oratio obliqua' illustrates Sallust's preference for the indic. 1. 11. iuxta mecum, a phrase found at times in the colloquial style of Plautus, but afterwards obsolete.

1. 13. si maxume animus ferat, 'however much we may desire it ;’ cf. Jug. 54. 4.

1. 28. alienas opes, 'the bounty of strangers;' that is the dole of the patron, or the bribe and largess of the noble candidate for office.

1. 31. mutavit, perf. in aorist sense. Cf. Hor. Ep. I. 2, 47, 'non aeris acervus et auri | aegroto domini deduxit corpore febres.'

P. 87, 1. 9. c. 59. canere. In an intrans. sense, as Jug. 94. 5, and often in Livy.

1. 11. exaequato periculo. This is almost a commonplace in the

descriptions of critical engagements by Roman historians. Cf. Caesar, Bell. Gall. 1. 25, 1, 'Caesar primum suo, deinde omnium ex conspectu remotis equis, ut aequato omnium periculo spem fugae tolleret.'

1. 13. rupe aspera. In this difficult passage 'rupe' is a causal abl. qualifying 'aspera,' which has been taken by some as a nom. agreeing with 'planities,' or with 'loca' in such a sense as 'ab dextera erant loca propter rupem aspera.' But in that case 'inter' would have little meaning, and it seems better to accept the harsh construction of 'aspera' as a neut. accus. plur. connected by 'et' with 'montes,' 'the rugged ground caused by the rocks on the right.' It has been proposed to substitute for this rupis aspera,' as a more familiar construction frequently found in Livy and other writers, or, as seems probable, to take the reading of the MSS. as a corruption of 'rupem asperam,' the abbreviated sign of the m having been effaced.

octo cohortis. The 'cohort' was originally a technical term for a division of the allies who served with the Roman soldiers. It was further applied to a section of the legion made up of a maniple of each of the three divisions, 'hastati,' 'principes,' and 'triarii,' when on the march. Marius changed the earlier arrangement of the legion as drawn up on the field of battle in these three lines, and marshalled it in cohorts uniformly armed, and ten in number.

1. 16. evocatos, 'veterans ;' technically applied to the men who had served their full term, but volunteered at the general's call for further service, with special privileges of pay and promotion. They formed a distinct corps, and seem to have ranked with centurions. They are mentioned in the army of Flamininus in 198 B.C., as in that of Marius (Jug. 84. 2), and Caesar (B. C. 1. 3, 2).

1. 18. curare. A term often used by Sallust for the duties of an officer; cf. Jug. 46. 7.

1. 19. calonibus. The MSS. have 'colonibus' or 'coloniis,' out of which most editors make 'colonis,' and suppose a reference to the veterans of Sulla referred to in 28. 4. But these would more probably have been stationed in the front, and not ranked with the freedmen, as the soldiers' servants ('calones') might naturally be. Festus explains the word as derived from their staves of wood, 'quae Graeci xâλa vocant.'

aquilam. The silver eagle had been since the time of Marius the distinctive standard of the legion. Cf. Pliny, N. H. 10. 16: 'Romanis eam (aquilam) legionibus Gaius Marius in secundo consulatu suo proprie dicavit. Erat et antea prima cum quatuor aliis; lupi, minotauri, equi, aprique singulos ordines anteibant. Paucis ante annis sola in aciem portari caepta erat, reliqua in castris relinquebantur, Marius in totum ea abdicavit.' Of this special eagle Cicero says, 'aquilam illam argenteam cui ille etiam sacrarium scelerum domi suae fecerat' (in Cat. 2. 6, 3).