1. 28. Masinissa, son of Gula, the king of the Massyli, a tribe on the eastern side of Numidia, routed Syphax at the age of 17 with great slaughter. Livy (29. 29) gives a long and picturesque account of his adventurous courage in fighting for his father's throne against a rival claimant and the overpowering numbers of his old enemy Syphax. Driven at last into hopeless exile, he joins Scipio and aids him in the crowning victory over Carthage. Cirta, the later capital of Syphax, becomes his royal residence, and both divisions of the Numidian tribes are united under his rule. Many Numidian names begin with the same syllable, which is retained in the Berber language as mis, masson; cf. Massiva, Massugrada, Massyli, Massaesyli, etc. (Movers, 2. 2, 368). The contemporary Greek spelling of the name is given in an inscription recently found at Delos which has βασιλέα Μασαννάσαν (cf. Rh. Mus. 1879), as also in one at Athens.

1. 29. Africano cognomen. This construction, only once used by Cicero, and never by Caesar, occurs regularly in Sallust. Cf. 79. 5.

ex virtute. Cf. Livy, 30. 45, 6, 'Africani cognomen militaris prius favor, an popularis aura celebraverit; an sicuti Felicis Sullae Magnique Pompeii patrum memoria coeptum ab assentatione familiari sit, parum compertum habeo. Primus certe hic imperator nomine victae ab se gentis est nobilitatus.'

1. 31. Syphace, the king of the Massaesyli, who are described by Livy (28. 17, 4) as 'gens affinis Mauris, in regionem Hispaniae maxime qua sita Nova Carthago est, spectant.' We find him changing from side to side in the Second Punic War, till the charms of his Carthaginian wife Sophronisba decided him to abandon the cause of Rome in the final struggle in which he lost both wife and throne.

1. 32. magnum. Most probably used adverbially, not as some have taken it, for 'magnum fuit atque late valuit.' The account of the Numidian wars in Livy, 29. 29, etc. show that the Western tribes were more numerous and powerful than the Massyli on the East.

quascumque urbes. Cf. Livy, 30. 44, 9, 'Scipio... Masinissam ad regnum paternum Cirta oppido et ceteris urbibus agrisque, quae ex regno Syphacis in populi Romani potestatem venissent, adiectis donavit.' Rome often gave to an ally the territory which had been won, and then annexed it with his kingdom in a later age.

P. 94, 1. 1. bona, 'loyal.' So Tac. Ann. 1. 57, 7, 'memoria bonae societatis impavidus.'

honesta nobis. 'Creditable' to Rome it might be, if there could be credit in the use of an unscrupulous ally who plundered defenceless Carthage and drove her to despair because she was forbidden to use force against the aggressor, but the tone of Masinissa to Rome was servile in the extreme. Cf. Livy, 40. 13.

1. 2. sed. Omitted by Kritz and Dietsch against MSS. authority on the ground that there is no opposition, but it seems to mark the contrast between his position and that of his successors.

imperi . . . finis. The plenitude of absolute power vested in Masinissa was divided at his death between his three sons, Micipsa receiving the royal town of Cirta and its territory, Gulussa the military, and Mastanabal the judicial functions. Cf. Appian, Libyc. 106. There seems no authority for the statement of Korte repeated by Merivale, that the grants of land and cities made to Masinissa reverted at his death to Rome, for the province of Africa was very small, and the Numidian territory extended from the borders of Mauretania to those of the Cyrenaica.

dein indicates a later period than that of the joint authority of the three brothers, and 'regnum' is now used of the kingdom, the term 'imperium ' just before expressing the undivided powers of the supreme ruler.

Micipsa. Used by Juvenal (5. 89, Canna Micipsarum) as equivalent to Numidian in general.

1. 3. morbo absumptis. If this was so, it probably-prevented the strife that would naturally have resulted from so artificial a division, designed perhaps by the Romans to make Numidia a less formidable neighbour to the province.

1. 4. Adherbalem, 'the worshipper of Baal.' Cf. Schröder, Ph. Spr. p. 107.

1. 8. c. 6. pollens viribus decora facie. With this change of construction cf. Cat. 39. 4, 'quodsi ... Catilina superior aut aequa manu discessisset.'

1. 9. luxu. This is the only place in Sallust where this form of the dative of the fourth declension is well attested. Aulus Gellius (4. 16, 8) gives examples from Caesar and adds, 'in libris quoque analogicis omnia istius modi sine i litera dicenda censet.'

6

1. 10. mos gentis... equitare. Thus Vergil (Aen. 4. 41) speaks of the Numidae infreni' which Lucan (4. 682) amplifies, 'et gens quae nudo residens Massylia dorso | ora levi flectit frenorum nescia virga.' Livy describes them (23. 29, 4) as riding with a fresh horse beside them, on to which they used to leap in the thick of the fighting ('desultorum in modum ').

1. 13. leonem. When Dr. Shaw mentioned in conversation at Oxford that the native tribes in Africa not only hunted but ate lions, this was regarded as a traveller's licence, for ‘it had long passed as almost the peculiar privilege of the lion to eat man. . . . I do aver that I have ate part of three lions. . . . I confess that I have no desire of being again served with such a morsel, but the Arabs, a brutish and ignorant folk,

will, I fear, notwithstanding the disbelief of the University of Oxford, continue to eat lions as long as they exist.' Bruce's Travels, Int. P. 25.

aut introduces a limitation, as 56. 5, 'cuncti aut magna pars;' 31. 19, ' pax aut deditio.'

1. 17. parvis liberis, 'while his children were still young.'

1. 18. intellegit, probably an obsolete form of the perf.; cf. Cat. 51. 24.

1. 19. cum animo. Frequent in Sallust with other verbs like volvere,' 'reputare,' and regarded by critics as an archaism or imitation of Cato.

1. 22. mediocris, 'of moderate ambition.'

transvorsos agit, 'makes them swerve from the path of rectitude;' cf. 14. 20. The expression occurs in late writers like Seneca and Quintilian.

1. 23. studia in Iugurtham accensa. Borrowed probably by Tac. Ann. 3. 4, 3, 'studia hominum accensa in Agrippinam.'

1. 28. c. 7. obiectare periculis. A poetic phrase; cf.Verg. Aen. 2. 751, and Tac. Hist. 2. 33, 4. This charge against Micipsa may remind us of the design against Germanicus, imputed by Tacitus to Tiberius (Ann. 2. 42, 1), 'amoliri iuvenem specie honoris statuit.' There could be no evidence of the motive in question.

1. 29. bello Numantino. The brave Spanish town of Numantia, upon the upper Durius, was forced by the aggression and perfidy of Roman generals to fight on to the bitter end. With only 8000 defenders she routed the legions year after year, and forced a whole army to capitulate, and was only reduced at last by the overpowering numbers with which Scipio drew his besieging lines round the devoted city, and forced her at last, not by force of arms, but by starvation, to surrender, 133 B. C.

1. 31. saevitia, 'fierceness,' rather than 'cruelty;' cf. Verg. Aen. 11. 910, 'saevum Aeneam agnovit Turnus in armis.'

P. 95, 1. 1. naturam P. Scipionis. The conqueror of Carthage and Numantia, who stood out among the incapable generals of his time, showed patient tenacity rather than genius in his successes. In both wars he found a demoralized army in which his first task was to revive the stringency of the old Roman discipline, and make hardy soldiers of his men by rigorous drill and constant labour in the trenches.

1. 7. in primis. Often used by Sallust to strengthen an adjective; cf. Cat. 3. 2; 51.41.

1. 8. quorum alterum, referring by constr. ad sensum to the two alternatives just stated, as 'utrumque' in Cat. 1. 6. The two are transposed by the common form of Chiasmus. The whole passage is

R

probably suggested by Thuc. 2. 40, 4, diapepóvtws tóde éxoμev wote τολμῶν τε οἱ αὐτοὶ μάλιστα καὶ περὶ ὧν ἐπιχειρήσομεν ἐκλογίζεσθαι· ὃ τοῖς ἄλλοις ἀμαθία μὲν θράσος, λογισμὸς δὲ ὄκνον φέρει.

1. 10. in amicis habere. The great nobles of the later days of the Republic began to make elaborate arrangements as to the visiting lists of their friends, and to divide them into different classes, 'primae et secundae admissionis,' etc. The emperors carried this further, and their intimates and courtiers took rank accordingly.

1. 12. frustra erat. This combination is frequent in Sallust as in Plautus and Cato. Cf. note on 'abunde,' Cat. 21. 1.

1. 13. quis. The contracted form often occurs in this treatise, but there is no well-attested example of it in the Catiline. Cf. note on 18. 1.

1. 15. c. 8. novi. Quintus Pompeius, commander there in 140, was 'a new man,' but he failed signally as a soldier, and proved only his scandalous duplicity.

1. 17. factiosi domi. How strong was the influence of the noble coteries at Rome at this time was shown by the impunity enjoyed by the incapable generals of Numantia, who were disobedient and corrupt as well as weak.

potentes apud socios. Their influence was due to the contrivance of the Roman magistrates, to the wide-spread connexions of the capitalists in the provinces and among the 'publicani,' and to corruption in the jury courts, which made it hopeless to bring offenders to justice. clari magis quam honesti seems to be borrowed by Livy, 8. 27,

3, 'clari magis inter populares quam honesti.’

1. 18. non mediocrem. Contrasted with the mediocris viros' of 6. 3.

1. 21. omnia venalia. Successful diplomacy and conquest had fatally corrupted the old Roman character. The aristocracy became a narrow oligarchy of a few ruling families, who relied upon their wealth to secure office and keep the people in good humour, while they pillaged the world to provide means for their lavish outlay.

deleta. This was literally true; the inhabitants were sold as slaves, and the town utterly destroyed.

1. 22. auxilia, the contingents of the allies, which now commonly exceeded the strength of the Roman legions.

1. 23. in praetorium abduxit. So Livy, 30. 14, 4, ‘(Scipioni) Laelius et Masinissa supervenerunt; quos quum... egregiis laudibus frequenti praetorio celebrasset, abductum in secretum Masinissam sic alloquitur.' The 'praetorium,' or general's tent, was so called in old times when the term 'praetor' was the name for the general in command, and did not imply judicial functions.

1. 24. publice quam privatim, 'by services to the state rather than gifts to individual Romans.'

1. 27. illi. For this use of 'ille,' instead of ‘is,' cf. 51. 4; 62. I; 33. 4.

1. 28. venturum agrees with 'regnum,' which is more prominent in the thought than ‘gloriam ;' cf. III. I, 'amicitiam, foedus, Numidiae partem, . . . tunc ultro adventuram.' Otherwise the predicate would be in the plural, according to the usage of Sallust.

1. 33. c. 9. senatui et populo Romano, for the common formula 'senatus populusque R.' Sallust often uses this variation, as well as 'senatus atque pop. R.' and 'populus et senatus R.'

P. 96, 1. 5. vincere, ‘gain over;' not as 102. 11, ‘benificiis victum.' 1. 7. paucos post annos. Numantia was destroyed 133 B. C. Micipsa died in 118 (Livy, Ep. 62).

1. 12.

c. 10, in regnum meum, 'my royal house.' Though Micipsa may not have thought of the adoption so early he wishes here to imply that he had done so.

1. 13. liberis, though in all the MSS., seems out of place with 'si genuissem.' It is doubtful whether Micipsa could have taken charge of Jugurtha before the birth of his own children, and 'ob benificia' would qualify 'liberis' in its present place. It would be easier to take 'si genuissem' of Jugurtha.

1. 14. falsum, in a passive sense, as 85. 20, 'illi falsi sunt.'

1. 15. meque regnumque. So Cat. 9. 3, 'seque remque publicam.' When Sallust repeats the que' there is always a personal pronoun in the first member of the sentence.

1. 16. honoravisti. The reading of a good MS., 'oneravisti,' seems more probable.

1. 18. renovatum, referring to the reputation which Masinissa had won in Spain.

1. 20. per regni fidem, 'by the honour of a king,' which Jugurtha was soon to be.

moneo obtestorque. A favourite formula with Sallust; cf. 49. 2; 62. I.

1. 30. ante hos. For this use of 'ante,' cf. Cat. 53. 3.

P. 97, 1. 2. liberos, in the plural, to correspond to the object of 'genuisse,' as well as 'sumpsisse.'

1. 4. c. 11. ficta, 'insincere.'

1. 5. aliter for 'alia,' as Cat. 45. 5, 'bene polliceantur;' and 85. 27, ' bene praedicent' for 'bona.'

1. 7. more regio. The two great monuments of ancient days, called the Medrassen and the Tombeau de la Chrétienne, were probably royal tombs like the pyramids of Egypt. The base is in each case nearly 200