1. 16. praesidio qui forent quattuor centuriones. It has been felt that four centurions would be an inadequate escort, and various corrections have been proposed. Frontinus, while closely following Sallust in the description of the stratagem (3. 7), writes here 'paucos centuriones quibus perfectissimos cum velocissimis militibus aeneatores immiscuerat;' but this was probably an attempt of his own to amend the passage. Dietsch proposes to insert 'milites paucos et' before 'quattuor centuriones.' Jordan would insert 'et' only, or, if any words of Frontinus be accepted, 'milites perfectissimos et.' Eussner suggests 'centuriatos' for centuriones.'

1. 20. c. 94. qui e centuriis erant. The common reading of the MSS. is 'qui centuriis praeerant,' which is a very unlikely periphrasis for the centurions. One MS. has 'qui ascensuri erant.' Bergk (Rh. Mus. 1865) would read 'qui succenturiati erant.' The relative clause is possibly a marginal note.

1. 21. pedibus nudis. In the description of the ascent of the party Sallust seems to have before his memory the account given by Thucydides (3. 22, 3) of the Plataeans scaling the besieging lines.

1. 25. laqueis vinciebat, i. e. fastened cords to them.

P. 157, 1. 3. testudine. This term is applied (1) to the advance of the soldiers in close order with their shields so locked in front, at the sides, and above the various ranks as to resemble the scales of a fish ; (2) to the moveable shed protecting a battering-ram, which was covered with fresh skins not easily set on fire. For (1) cf. Livy, 34. 39, sublatis supra capita scutis, continuatisque ita intra sese, ut non modo ad caecos ictus, sed ne ad inferendum quidem ex propinquo telum loci quidquam esset testudine facta subibant.'

1. 14. inermes. Note the two different forms of the word in the same chapter.

1. 20. c. 95. cum magno equitatu. The Romans must have felt the pressing need of cavalry in such campaigns where the strength of the enemy consisted in his rapidity of movement. It was commonly the weakest arm in their service. How Sulla effected a junction with Marius at so great a distance from his base is unexplained.

1. 24. L. Sisenna. L. Cornelius Sisenna (B.C. 118-66), statesman, orator, and historian, is often spoken of by Cicero as a man of mark. He wrote especially of the social and civil wars, and was thought by Cicero to have easily excelled all earlier writers of history. He criticises, however, his affected style (recte loqui putabat esse inusitate loqui,' Brut. 75. 260), and a certain extravagance ( puerile quoddam') which reminded him of the romantic Clitarchus (De Leg. 1. 27). The extracts quoted by grammarians show his love of archaic phrases, and especially of unusual adverbs in -im, like 'celatim,' 'vellicatim,' 'sal

tuatim,' etc., and this may have led him to study Plautus, on whom he also wrote commentaries.

1. 27. nobilis. This is not a pleonasm after 'patriciae,' as those families only were noble which had borne curule offices. The Comelian 'gens' had at this time seven patrician families, a larger number than any other. Of these the 'Sullae' were the least known.

1. 28. extincta. Little seemed known of his ancestors since P. Cornelius Rufinus, who was consul nearly 200 years before, and was expelled from the senate, as Plutarch tells us, for having more than ten pounds of silver plate.

1. 31. nisi quod introduces an exception to a general statement, but it is not clear in what way Sulla's conduct as to marriage connexions is to be understood. Nipperdey (Rh. Mus. 1874) would reject the clause, as he can find nothing recorded in regard to any of Sulla's five wives to illustrate the remark. It may be possibly explained, however, by Plutarch (Sulla, 36), οὐ μὴν ἀλλὰ καὶ ταύτην (his wife Valeria) ἔχων ἐπὶ τῆς οἰκίας συνῆν μίμοις γυναιξὶ καὶ κιθαριστρίαις.

1. 32. ad simulanda. Nipperdey and Dietsch suggest the alteration to 'dissimulanda,' as better suiting the context.

P. 158, 1. 2. ante civilem victoriam. Cf. Vell. Paterc. 2. 17, 1, 'Sulla vir qui neque ad finem victoriae satis laudari neque post victoriam abunde vituperari potest.'

1. 3. fortior an felicior. He is said to have prided himself upon his good fortune, to have himself taken the epithets of 'Felix' and 'Epaphroditus,' and to have named his twin-children 'Faustus' and 'Fausta.' 1. 6. c. 96. in Africam atque, i.e. into the province and then on to the camp which was beyond the frontier.

1. 7. ignarus belli. Probably an exaggeration, as the career of every Roman noble implied some military experience.

1. 12. illi should be strictly 'sibi,' as Hist. 5. 11, 'Lucullus pecuniam dedit ne illi succederetur.'

1. 14. multus adesse. Cf. note on 84. I.

P.159, l. I. c. 97. et, following 'simul,' denotes the immediate sequence of the fact recorded on the foregoing event. Cf. Tac. Ann. 4. 25, 2, simulque coeptus dies. . . et aderant semisomnos in barbaros.'

1. 3. signum, i.e. the trumpet call, as Cat. 60. 1, ' tuba signum dat.' 1. 9. latrocinio magis quam proelio. Cf. Tac. Ann. 12. 39, 3, 'crebra hinc proelia et saepius in modum latrocinii.'

1. 14. veteres novique. The passage as it stands seems hopeless, for ob ea scientes belli' cannot be related to 'novique.' It would be much simpler to read with Wölfflin 'novi veteresque,' or to believe that something has dropped out, and that the words in question have been supplied in their place from 87. 3.

1. 15. orbis facere, i. e. to form square in close order to repel the assailants. Cf. Veget. 1. 26, iubetur etiam, ut instruant orbes, quo genere, cum vis hostium interruperit aciem, resisti ab exercitatis militibus consuevit, ne omnis multitudo fundatur in fugam.'

1. 18. c. 98. turma sua. Equivalent to the 'praetoria cohors.' As this consisted largely of horsemen, the term 'turma,' though rarely applied, is not inappropriate. Cf. note on Cat. 60. 5.

1. 23. cum tamen . . . remittere. An unusual form of the historic infin. with the conjunction. Cf. note on 70. 5.

1. 29. quaerebat. The MSS. have various readings, ‘egebat,' 'regebat,' 'gerebat,' 'rogabat.'

1. 31. neque minus hostibus conturbatis. Madvig de Fin. Exc. 3 rejects the explanation of Kritz that 'neque' is used here, as by later writers, in the sense of 'ne quidem,' and regards it as a careless use of the copulative when the construction was changed to an abl. abs. from 'quum milites dispersi essent nec minus hostes conturbati.'

P. 160, 1. 3. plerumque noctis. This may have suggested to Tacitus the night scene, Ann. 1. 65, 1, 'nox per diversa inquies, cum barbari festis epulis laeto cantu aut truci sonore subiecta vallium ac resultantes saltus complerent; apud Romanos invalidi ignes interruptae voces.'

1. 4. quia non fugerant pro victoribus agere. Cf. Livy, 21. 9, 1, 'quum... Poenus, quia non vicisset, pro victo esset.'

1. 6. hortamento, for 'hortatione.' Cf. the use of the same termination in 'munimentum,' ' turbamentum,' ' dehonestamentum,' ' delenimentum,' which occur in Sallust.

1. 9. c. 99. uti per vigilias. The blast of either 'tuba' or 'buccina' between the watches. Livy (7. 35, 1) speaks of the 'secundae vigiliae buccina datum signum.' Lucan 8. 24, 'ne rumpite somnos | castrorum vigiles, nullas tuba verberet aures.'

1. II. cohortium, i.e. of the allied contingents, here distinguished from the cohorts of the legions.

1. 21. c. 100. coeperat in hiberna. There is a gap here in the text which has been variously supplied by 'it,' 'proficiscitur,' etc. The 'in hiberna' are possibly suggested only by 97. 3. Nipperdey thinks a verb unnecessary, and compares 'Caesar in Campaniam' of Tac. Ann. 4. 57, 1, and would insert 'nam' before 'propter' (Rh. Mus. 1874).

1. 22. in oppidis maritumis. Perhaps Sallust means of the Roman province, as he makes Marius take Cirta on his way, but the whole account of this campaign is absurd in the extreme. Marius is represented as near Cirta at the close of the summer, as then marching by Lares to Capsa and back again to the extremest point to the north-west of Numidia, and returning by Cirta to the coast before the winter, to say nothing of sieges and battles. The distance alone is enormous. It is probable that

Sallust has confused the operations of two distinct years, for Marius went out in 107 and did not return till 105, and there was nothing to detain him after the capture of Jugurtha.

1. 24. quadrato agmine. Cp. note on 46. 6. It does not appear to be quite the same as the use in Livy, who applies it to the advance of three lines at right angles, without preparation for attack on the rear. Cf. Marquardt, Staatsverwaltung, 2. 410.

1. 25. dextumos. An unusual superlative which Festus speaks of as obsolete, and which was probably copied from the older writers.

1. 31. cogebat. We may supply an infin. from the 'intentus,' as Livy, 1. 29, 3, 'raptim quibus quisque poterat elatis.'

1. 32. iter facere is in the infin., because it is connected by the 'neque secus atque' with the historic infin. ' munire.' In calmer style both verbs would be in the imperf.

excubitum in portas. This seems at an earlier period to have been the duty of the 'velites,' who had no settled place in the camp, but though mentioned in this war, they soon disappear.

P. 161, 1. 2. diffidentia futurum. This use of 'futurum' for 'fore' with a plural is illustrated in A. Gell. 1. 7, 8 by several passages from the older annalists, and would be here an archaism. The better MSS. have 'futuri,' which would naturally follow the subst. 'diffidentia,' whose verbal meaning would extend to the object' quae imperavisset.' Jordan thinks the original may have been 'diffidens factum iri.'

1. 3. volentibus esset. Cf. note on 84. 3.

1. 5. malo, 'punishment.' Cf. Livy, 4. 49, 10. Jordan suggests 'metu.' 1. 7. habuisse, with a double construction as taken with 'consuetam' (cf. 85. 7) and 'voluptati.'

1. 9. c. 101. quarto denique die. The starting-point is not specified. It can hardly be the fort on the Mulucha, as that was several hundred miles away.

1. 18. turmatim. Cf. note on 49. 2. 1. 24. invadunt. Cf. Cat. 43. 1, tuerant.'

'Lentulus cum ceteris . . . consti

1. 32. in perculsos... incedere. An unusual construction, for in the passage of Livy, 9. 21, 2, which is quoted in illustration, 'infestior tamen in erumpentes incessit,' the verb may possibly be 'incessere,' not ' incedere.'

P. 162, 1. 1. aberant. Jordan suspects that aberat' was in the But cf. Livy, 8. 32, 8, 'nec procul seditione aberant.'

text.

1. 3. adeptam. Cf. note on Cat. 7. 3.

1. 7. hostes iam undique fusi. Orosius (5. 15) has a distinct account of this struggle, which lasted three days; he represents the condition of the Romans as at one time almost hopeless, and as changed by the good

fortune of heavy rains. The description of the fight in Tac. Agr. 37. 2 has been thought to be borrowed from this chapter, 'tum vero patentibus locis grande et atrox spectaculum. Sequi, vulnerare, capere, atque eosdem oblatis aliis trucidare.'

1. 29. c. 102. inopi. A word here meaningless, and which may be rejected as probably a corruption of the preceding 'incipio.' Selling suggests 'imperi' in its stead.

1. 30. rati, agreeing with 'Romani,' understood in 'populo Romano.' 1. 33. parentes. Cf. note on 3. 2.

P. 163, 1. 5. scilicet. Parenthetical, not as in 4.6, where it takes an infin. 1. 13. unde vi Iugurtha expulerit, as though Bocchus had at some time annexed by force the part of Numidia which adjoined his own kingdom, and were now in arms to defend it. If Marius be taken as the subject to the verb, the reference must be to the eastern regions far away from Mauretania.

1. 14. vastari ... pati nequivisse. A rare combination of three infinitives. Cf. Livy, 4. 41, I, 'credere perrumpi potuisse.'

1. 16. actutum. A correction of Jordan for 'ac tum' of the MSS. The word is found in Livy, 39. 45, 7, in official language, and in the older drama, as afterwards in Vergil (Aen. 9. 254). It seems to have become obsolete, though retained for a while in public documents. Cf. Jordan, Krit. Beitr. p. 350.

1. 17. copia facta, 'after free intercourse.'

1. 23. c. 103. Turrim regiam. The Numidian kings seem to have set up a royal palace in many of the old Liby-Phoenician towns, to some of which the epithet of 'regia' clung in consequence, like Zama, Bulla, etc.

perfugas omnis praesidium, 'a garrison consisting wholly of deserters.' Cf. Tac. Ann. 1. 42, 7, 'hunc ego nuntium patri laeta omnia aliis e provinciis audienti feram;' Livy, 21. 32, 7, 'castra inter confragosa omnia ... locat.'

1. 25. venerant, equivalent to 'evenerant.' Cf. 4. 4.

1. 26. ex omni copia. A whole class of MSS. omit the long passage from these words to 'pacem vellet' of 112. 3, which must have been lost from the parent MS.

1. 28. si placeat... iubet. For the sequence of tenses cf. Cat. 45. 2, the only other case in which the pres. conj. of a secondary clause precedes the historic present of a primary sentence. Cf. Dräger, 1. 209.

1. 29. Romam legatos ire. Bocchus had learned enough of Roman character to know that he could only safely deal with the senate, if the terms were high on which he proposed to treat.

P. 164, 1. 2. meriti. For this, which seems out of place, Gertz suggests 'veriti.'