day:"

inopia rei familiaris, "by poverty," lit., "by want of property:" quæ utraque his artibus auxerat, "both of which he had increased by these practices;" viz., his poverty by extravagance, and his consciousness of guilt, by the crimes he committed: quæ utraque, neuter and plural, though referring to feminine antecedents on the principle stated § 98, Obs. 3. See also § 99, Obs. 6. 8. Quos (scil., mores)—vexabant, "Which evils the very worst and opposite to each other (§ 28, Obs. 5.) luxury and avarice kept in agitation (excited)." 9. Res ipsa hortari videtur, "The subject itself seems to urge:" repetere supra, "to begin farther back." After such verbs as hortor, the subjunctive (ut repetam, "that I should begin") is the ordinary construction. § 145, Obs. 5, 3d. Ac connects repetere and disserere, and the latter has for its objects instituta, and the clauses beginning with quomodo, quantam, and ut.

VI. In this and the following Chapters (6-13), Sallust describes the transition from the stern manners, warlike energy, and domestic peace of the Ancient Romans, to the corruption prevalent in the time of Catiline, consisting chiefly in extravagance, avarice, oppression, and the love of dominion. 1. Accepi, "Have heard." The early

history of Rome is involved in much obscurity. Much of it is traditionary, and, to a great extent, fabulous. Of this character is all that is here said respecting the Trojani. See Niebuhr's Roman History, Vol. I., 176, &c. 2. Aborigines. The nation which, previous to historical record, descended from the Apennines, and, advancing from Carseoli and Reate, drove out the Siculi. From this ancient race, blended with a remnant of the Siculi, descended the later Latin nation. 3. Hi, "These," scil., the Trojans and Aborigines: una, plural with mania. § 24, Obs. 3: alius alio more viventes. § 98, Obs. 11. Alius, in the singular, is distributive of hi. § 98, Exc. Est has properly for its subject the clause quam facile coalue 4. Res eorum, i. e., Romanorum Romana res, "Their aucta, connected by Zeugma with civibus, moribus, agris; and rendered with them respectively "increased," "improved," "en5. Tentare. This, as well as the following, tentabant, § 144, Obs. 6: pauci ex amicis auxilio esse, § 114, R. xix.

4:

rint.

state:"

larged." § 150, 1, 2d.

is the historical infinitive amicis, § 107, Obs. 8:

6. Portabant. Ferre is more common with auxilium than portare. 7. Imperium.... habebant, "They had a government regulated by laws the name (or form) of the government monarchical," i. e.,

"Their government was a monarchy in name, but regulated by laws:" rei publicæ. § 112, Obs. 5, 1st. 8. Conservandæ libertatis fuerat, "Had tended to the preservation of liberty." The construction of a noun with the gerundive in the genitive after esse, is often used thus, without a governing word, to express the design or tendency of a thing. § 147, Obs. 9: dominationem, "tyranny:" (used intransitively, or supply sese), "had turned." § 44, iii., 3: binos imperatores, "two magistrates (scil., consuls) each year." § 24, 11:

insolescere, "grow haughty."

VII.-1. Sed ea tempestate.

convertit

Sed here denotes transition merely,

not opposition, and may be rendered "Now:" cœpere.... quisque, "they began each," &c.; quisque, singular, is distributive of the plural subject of cœpere. § 98, Exc. 4: in promptu habere, "to have in readiness," "to bring into action," "to make use of." 2. Mali. § 120, Obs. 1. Boni here means "men of talent and character," opposed to mali, "men of inferior talents and character."

3. Adepta libertate. Adepta in the ablative is here used passively, but may be rendered the same as the active form adepta libertatem. § 72, 4. Juventus. patiens erat-discebat-habebant. § 102, libidinem habebant, "took pleasure."

...

sic, "accordingly:"

5. Gloriæ

eas

Obs. 2. Obs. 4: certamen, "the contest for glory:" divitias, eam bonam famam, &c. Eas and eam, "this," both relating to the proposition sic. properabat, instead of the neuter gender (§ 98, Obs. 7), take, by attraction, the gender and number of the explanatory nouns following, esse being understood. § 99, Obs. 4. 6. Fuderit

-ceperit. § 140, 5. So also quantum creverit above:

ni ea res,

&c., were it not that such a course would draw me off too far from my subject."

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VIII.-1. Ea, scil., fortuna: ex libidine, "from caprice:" celebrat obscuratque, "renders famous, and sinks into obscurity:" aliquanto, "somewhat,' 'considerably." § 132, R. xliii. 2. Scriptorum magna ingenia, "Writers of great genius;" by Hypallagé for Scriptores magni ingenii: pro maximis, as though they wereas equal to the greatest." 3. Ea fecere, "Performed them," scil., facta: quantum ea verbis, &c., "as men of distinguished talents could extol these in their writings," lit., "by words." Instead of ea, scil., facta, Cortius has eam, scil., virtutem. 4. Ea copia, "That advantage:" prudentissimus quisque, &c., "the more intelligent

A person was, the more was he engaged in business." § 98, Obs. 13. omnis bonus, "Every good man," or, "the

=

5. Optimus quisque best men." § 98, Obs. 13. quam is contained in malebat /Arrange and supply thus, quam narrare (bene facta) aliorum.

=

6. Facere quam dicere; magis before
magis volebat:
quam ipse, &c.

(se) ipse (= se ipsum, § 98, Exc. 5.)

IX.-1. Igitur. This conjunction connects what follows with Ch. VII., as Ch. VIII. is a sort of digression: jus bonumque, “justice and probity:"

non legibus, &c., "not more by law than by nature," i. e., natural disposition. 2. Jurgia, discordias, &c. These terms denote domestic and civil contentions which were common among the Romans in the times of Catiline, but which had no place among them at an early day, except against their enemies. 3. In suppliciis deorum, "In the worship of the gods." Supplicium denotes properly “a bending or kneeling down," either as a suppliant, or to receive punishment; hence its apparently unconnected meanings, "supplication," and "punishment." 4. Seque remque publicam (more commonly, et se et rem publicam) curabant, "They regulated both themselves and the state," i. e., both their private and public affairs. 5. Quarum vindicatum est, "punish

rerum, "Of these things." § 99, Obs. 8:

ment was inflicted:"

contra imperium,

"contrary to orders:"

6. Quam qui, i. e.,

tardius, "too slowly." § 120, Obs. 5.
loco cedere, "to desert their post."

7. Beet accepta inju

quam in eos qui : neficiis quam metu: before quam supply magis: ria, "and when they had received an injury." § 146, Obs. 9: ignoscere quam persequi malebant, "they were more inclined to pardon than to revenge it." See Ch. VIII., 6. After persequi supply eam, scil., injuriam.

X.-1. Reges magni, such as Philip, Perses, Antiochus, Jugurtha, Mithridates, &c.: feræ nationes, referring probably to the Gauls and Britons: · populi ingentes, "powerful states." 2. Carthago, "Carthage," '-a large commercial city in Africa, situate about twelve miles from the place where Tunis now stands-was for a long time the rival of Rome. Its early history, like that of Rome, is involved in uncertainty. It is said that Dido, to avoid her brother Pygmalion, who had treacherously killed her husband Sichæus to obtain possession of his wealth, fled by sea from Tyre and came into Africa, where she planted a colony and founded this city, B. c. 878, more than 100

years before the building of Rome. It soon became wealthy and powerful. The people were called by the Romans Pœni (Phœnicians), and the wars they waged with the Romans for dominion are known in history as the Punic wars. They were three in number and lasted with intervals 118 years from B. C. 264 to 146. The city was at last taken and destroyed by Scipio, B. c. 146. It was twentythree miles in circumference, and when set fire to by the Romans, it burned incessantly for seventeen days. 3. Qui labores, &c. Arrange, otium (et) divitiæ, optandæ (§ 98, Obs. 4.) aliis (§ 126, Obs. 3.) fuere oneri miseriæque his (§ 114, R. xix.) qui facile toleraverant, &c. 4. Ea (plural referring to cupido pecuniæ and cupido imperii, avarice and ambition, § 98, Obs. 3.) fuere quasi materies. 5. Aliud-aliud, "One thing,-another:" non ex re, sed ex commodo, "not according to their worth, but from convenience:" magis que (bonum) vultum, &c., "and to preserve a fair exterior rather than an honest heart." 6. Crescere, "Increased:" 'were punished:" historical infinitives. § 101, Obs. 6: invasit, "had spread abroad." § 44, iii., 3. With immutata and factum supply

est.

XI.-1. Quod vitium, scil., ambitio:

§ 136, Obs. 5. base:"

vindicari,

propius (ad) virtutem. 2. Bonus et ignavus, "The brave man and the huic, "to the latter." § 31, Obs.

ille, "the former:"

1: vera via, "by the true path," i. e., "by honorable means," opposed to dolis atque fallaciis. ·· 3. Studium habet, "Implies a desire:" concupivit, "ever desires." § 44, iii., 2: ea (scil., avaritia) quasi venenis malis imbuta, "it, as if tainted with pernicious drugs." 4. Armis recepta re publica, "Having recovered the State by force of arms," viz., from the Marian party, Ch. VII., Note 3:

bonis initiis malos eventus habuit, "from good beginnings brought things to a pernicious end," lit., "had bad endings." Bonis initiis, the ablative absolute (§ 146, Obs. 10.), and may be rendered, "though his beginnings were good." 5. Rapere omnes, &c., "Every one seized and plundered." These are historical infinitives. § 144, Obs. 6: in civibus, "upon the citizens," lit., "among," or, "in the case of the citizens." 6. Exercitum. ... luxuriose nimisque liberaliter habuerat, "Had indulged his army-in excessive luxury and dissipation:" in otio, "in leisure," i. e., "in a time of peace."

7. Insuevit—amare, potare, “Became accustomed to lewdness, to drink signa, tabulas pictas, &c., "statues, paintings, vessels

to excess:"

adorned with engraving:"

or public property:"

....

privatim et publice, "whether private delubra, "shrines." Delubrum is a small 8. Nihil reliqui (§ 106,

temple, or part of a temple, a shrine. Obs. 8.) victis ferere, "Left nothing remaining to the vanquished." 9. Quippe. fatigant, "Seeing that (or, inasmuch as) prosperity weakens the minds even of the wise;" so that they do not act a proper part: ne (for nedum) illi, &c., "much less could these (soldiers of Sulla), their manners being already corrupted, make a temperate use of victory."

XII.-1. Honori-probro, datives of the end. § 114, Obs. 4: innocentia pro malevolentia, “integrity to be regarded as malevolence," i. e., persons who acted uprightly, not only got no credit for their conduct, but were regarded as acting from malevolent motives, in order practically to censure others for their rapacity. 2. Ex divitiis, "In consequence of riches:" superbia). § 102, Obs. 2.

wasted:"

avaritia cum superbia (= et

3. Rapere, consumere, "They seized, they sua parvi pendere, "they regarded their own things as of little value." § 122, R. xxviii. 4. Pudorem.... habere, "They had no regard for modesty, chastity, things divine and human without distinction, and no restraint on themselves," scil., in the violation of them: nihil pensi, neque (nihil) moderati habere, "to have no For rendering neque by "and," see 5. Operæ pretium est, "It is worth while," lit.,

regard, and no self-control." § 134, Obs. 4.

quum cognoveris, "when

"the labor has its reward." § 112, R. ii. :
you have viewed:" fecere, "erected," "built:"

visere, "to

visit them," viz., so as to contrast the small and humble edifices erected by our ancestors for the worship of the gods, with the splendid mansions and villas erected by these men for themselves: sissimi, 'most devout."

6. Illi, "They," our ancestors:

religio

victis, “from the vanquished." Dative, § 123, R. xxix., with explanation. So also sociis, in the next sentence: præter injuriæ licentiam, "except the power of injuring." 7. Per summum scelus (an adverbial phrase), “most wickedly:" id demum, "that truly;" id relates to, and is in apposition with injuriam facere, and gives force to the expression: csset imperio uti, were to exercise authority."

66

XIII.-1. Subversos montes, maria constructa esse, "Mountains were levelled, artificial seas were constructed;" referring to the expensive improvements in the pleasure grounds around their villas, and the