words are distinguished, the former means defensive, and the latter, offensive armor. In a general sense, arma means all sorts of implements for any purpose. 3. Causa cognita, &c., "After trial, had cast into prison many of that number:" item in ulteriore Gallia, &c., "and likewise C. Murena, who as deputy (scil., of his brother L. Murena, now consul elect) was governor of that province, did the same thing;" item often carries in it a repetition of a preceding clause here complures in vincula conjecerat.

odium."

=

XLIII.-1. Lentulus cum ceteris. . . . constituerant. § 102, Obs. 2: in agrum Fasulanum venisset, "should come (§ 45. iv.) into the country of Fæsulæ." Ch. XXIV., 2: invidiam, "the blame," "the 2. Eo signo (i. e., eo signo dato), "Upon that signal:" proxima nocte, "next night;" abl. of time when. The time agreed upon for these horrid deeds was one of the nights of the Saturnalia, which commenced on the 17th of December. The conspiracy, however, was discovered on the 8th Nov., the leading conspirators were arrested on the night of the 2d Dec. and put to death on the 5th Dec.: suum quisque negotium, "each his own part." § 98, Exc. 4. 3. Sed ea (scil., negotia) divisa (esse) hoc modo dicebantur, "Moreover these parts are said to have been apportioned in this way," namely, "that Statilius," &c. Sed is often used by Sallust instead of autem, to express transition only, and not opposition. See another example below: incenderent, "should set fire to:" alius autem alium, scil., aggrederetur.

obsideret, from obsido:

§ 98, Obs. 11.

4. Sed filii familiarum,

families." This expression means sons yet forming part of their father's household, and who had not yet households of their own. 5. Inter hæc parata atque decreta, “During these preparations and resolvings." § 146, Obs. 2: dies prolatando, "by putting off days," not a short time only, but days. 6. Natura, "By nature;" abl. of manu promptus, "prompt in action." See Ch. XXXII., 3.

cause:

XLIV.—1. Per Gabinium, &c., “Through means of Gabinius, obtain an interview with the rest," scil., of the conspirators: convenio, with an accusative, means "to speak to," "to have an interview with:" - jusjurandum, “a written oath;" signatum, “sealed,” scil., with their respective seals. The purport of this oath, doubtless, was that they would perform their promise to them on receiving their assistance, should the enterprise succeed: eos, "that they," scil.,

cives,
randum signatum.

"their countrymen."

fide, a

66

5. Qui

2. Dant, "They give it," scil., jusju3. Crotoniensem. A native of Crotona, in the territory of the Bruttii, on the Tarentine bay: domum pergerent, "they should go home," scil., to their own country: pledge." 4. Litteras, "A letter." Ch. XXXIV., 4. (for quis, § 34, Obs. 1.) sim, "Who I am." § 140, 5. 6. Fac cogites, "See that you consider." § 140, Obs. 5. In like manner memineris (§ 84, Obs. 2.), consideres, and petas depend on fac: tuæ rationes, "your present circumstances:" ab infimis, "from the lowest."

He means the slaves, as the clause in the next sentence, quo consilio servitia repudiet, shows. Catiline, however, did not take this part of the advice, as it is well known there were no slaves in his army. Cicero in his third Oration against Catiline, Ch. V., gives this letter somewhat differently, probably as he quoted from memory, giving its meaning in different words. 7. Mandata verbis, “A verbal

message:"

- propius, scil., urbem, "nearer to the city." § 136, Obs. 5.

XLV.-1. Cuncta edoctus, "Having been informed of every thing." § 126, R. iv.: In ponte Mulvio. This was a bridge across the Tiber, about one mile from the city at the commencement of the via Flaminia which led from Rome to Ariminum: comitatus, "the

retinue:"

cetera, uti &c., "as to the rest, he permits them to act in such a way as there might be need of acting:" uti, adverb 2. Illi, "They," namely the prætors:

=

obsidunt, "beset." The men were planted in ambuscade (per insidias) at each end of the bridge, so that when the Gauls were on the bridge, and the ambuscade arose, there was no escape, either by advancing or retreating. 3. Ad id loci (§ 106, R. viii.) ad eum locum, viz., the centre of the bridge: cito, "instantly." The Gauls, having understood beforehand that they would all be arrested not far from the city, as soon as they heard the shout of those lying in ambush, understood it at once, and of course made no resistance. Multa.... Pomptinum obtestatus, § 124, R. xxx.; multa, lit., "many things," i. e., "earnestly." The conduct of Volturcius here was itself proof of his guilt.

4.

XLVI.-1. Intellegens (old form for intelligens), "Because he dubitans, "because he was in doubt." For this use of 2. Perdundæ rei

knew:"

the participle, see § 146, Obs. 6, last part. publicæ fore, "Would tend to the destruction of the state." Comp.

Ch. VI., 8, with ref.

reli

3. Confirmato animo, "Assuming courage:' Terracinensem, "A native of Terracina," a city of Latium. 4. Cognito indicio, “Having got notice of the discovery:" quos, scil., Cethegus, Statilius, &c., as above. 5. Eo, "Thither," i. e., to the temple of Concord. The senate could not meet but in a temple, or place consecrated by the augurs, that their deliberations might thereby be rendered more solemn. The usual place of meeting was the Curia Hostilia; but on the present occasion, they were summoned to this temple, which was close by the Forum where the people assembled in great numbers, and to whom, at the close of the meeting, Cicero came forth and stated what had been done. This forms Cicero's third Oration against Catiline. This temple was erected by Camillus in accordance with a vow on account of the re-establishment of harmony between the senate and the people. Hence its 6. Scrinium, "The box."

name.

quam

XLVII.-1. Quid, aut qua, &c. Arrange and supply, Quid consilii habuisset, aut de qua causa (id consilii habuisset), "What design he had entertained, or for what reason he had entertained it:" fingere alia, "he pretended things other than the truth." - 2. Fide publica, scil., ei data, "The public faith being pledged for his safety:" socium adscitum, "having been admitted as an associate:" legatos (scire), "than the deputies knew." 3. Coarguunt, "Convict:" ex libris Sibyllinis, "according to the Sibylline books." These books were supposed to contain the fate of the empire. After the three books, purchased by Tarquin from the Erythræan Sibyl, had perished in the conflagration of the Capitol,- -B. c. 83,-ambassadors were sent every where to collect the oracles of the Sibyls. From the verses thus collected the Quindecemviri made out new books, which were deposited in the temple of Apollo on the Palatine hill. One of these Oracles stated that "three K's (Lat. C's) should reign at Rome. This the Greeks interpreted of the Cappadocians, Cilicians, and Cretans; but the Romans applied them to three persons of the Cornelian gens: Cinnam atque Sullam (both belonging to the Cornelian gens) antea, scil., urbis potitos esse. § 121, Exc. 2. 4. Ab incenso Capitolio, "From the burning of the Capitol." § 146, Obs. 2. The Capitol was burnt three times-once before this, B. c. 83, to which the reference is here made, and twice afterwards: vigesimum annum, scil., since the Capitol was burnt: Haruspices. Priests who examined the victims and their entrails, after they were sacrificed,

and from these derived omens of futurity; as also from the flame, smoke, and other circumstances attending the sacrifices. 5. Signa sua cognovissent, "Had acknowledged their own seals:" abdicato magistratu, "having resigned his office," scil., in order to trial. A magistrate could not be put on trial while in office. Some editions have abdicatus, &c., "being deposed from office;" but as this was in order to trial, though not entirely voluntary, it was his own act, which is better expressed by abdicato magistratu. 6. In liberis custodiis, "In free custody," or as we would say, were held to bail." This was done either when the accused were persons of rank, or were many in number. Those in whose custody they were placed, were held responsible for their appearance to be tried.

XLVIII.-1. Exsecrari, tollere, agitabat. Such transitions from the historical infinitive to the imperfect, and vice versa are common in Sallust. The change in the feelings of the common people here described, was effected by the discoveries made to them by Cicero, in his speech delivered after the meeting of the senate. Ch. XLVI., 5. 2. Alia belli facinora prædæ (sibi), &c., "That other deeds of war would bring to them booty, rather than loss:" immoderatum, "exceeding all bounds:" quippe cui, &c., "since all their means consisted in articles for daily use, and in clothing for the body." 3. Quem.... retractum (esse) aiebant, "Who they said was brought back." § 145, Obs. 2: de paratis incendiis. § 146, Obs. 2: missum a M. qui Catilinæ nuntiaret, "to tell 4. Ne (in oblique narration

ut

Crasso. See Ch. XVII., 5: Catiline." § 141, Obs. 2, 4th. non). Arrange thus, Ut Lentulus et Cethegus, aliique ex conjuratione (= conjuratorum) deprehensi non terrerent eum. 5. Tanta vis hominis, &c., "It seemed that a man of so great power (lit., so great power of a man) ought to be propitiated rather than provoked." Though videbatur is not impersonal, it may be translated impersonally, and its subject after it, as if it were the subject of an infinitive following it. See Idioms prefixed to Latin Reader and Cæsar, No. 70: plerique Crasso, &c., "many being under obligations to Crassus in their private business." Being a man of great wealth, many were indebted to him for accommodations extended to them: conclamant, "(all) cry out."

6. Deque ea re postulant uti referatur (scil., ad se), “And demand that it should be referred to them (the senate) to decide concerning that matter," namely, whether his statement respecting Crassus was true or false. Before the senate could decide any thing by a vote, it

must first be brought regularly before them by the proper magistrate, commonly the consul presiding. 7. Consulente (senatum) Cicerone, lit., "Cicero consulting the senate," i. e., "On Cicero's putting the question," "asking their opinion:" neque amplius (indicandi) potestatem faciundam (esse), “and that power of giving further information should not be given to him." Facere potestatem means "to give power." 8. Immissum (esse), "Was instigated:" suscepto malorum patrocinio, "by undertaking the defence of the worthless." § 146, Obs. 2: prædicantem, "declaring openly."

XLIX.-1. Q. Catulus et C. Piso. Both of these had enjoyed the consulship, and were persons of distinction at Rome, but cherished inveterate hatred to C. Cæsar-the latter, because when on trial for extortion (Ch. XVIII., 4), he had been attacked by Cæsar on account of the unjust punishment of one who lived beyond (i. e., on the north of) the Po; the former, because when a candidate for the office of Pontifex Maximus, he had been beaten by Cæsar though quite a young man, and in this way they sought their revenge:

neque gratia neque pretio, "neither by their influence nor by bribery:" nominaretur, "should be named," scil., by Cicero. 2. Oppugnatus, "Because he had been attacked. § 146, Obs. 6; so incensus next clause: Ex petitione pontificatus, ever since the canvass for the pontificate." 3. Ab adolescentulo Cæsare, "By Cæsar a very young man," i. e., young in comparison with Catulus, for he was then in his 37th year. 4. Res autem opportuna videbatur, "The opportunity, however, seemed favorable," scil., for them to injure the reputation of Cæsar, because his being deeply involved in debt would give plausibility to the representations they intended to set afloat respecting his being concerned in the conspiracy.

5. Publice maximis muneribus, "In public by the most splendid exhibitions.” Munera were public games or gladiatorial exhibitions given by private individuals or magistrates, by means of which they sought to win the favor of the people. Those here referred to were the exhibitions given by Cæsar in his ædileship, during which it is said 320 pair of gladiators were brought forth, and other expensive diversions furnished for the amusement of the people. The consequence was an immense debt, at one time, by his own account, one hundred million sesterces (over four millions of dollars). 6. Ipsi singulatim circumeundo, &c., "They themselves by going about separately and forging stories which, as they said, they had heard," &c.: quæ se.... audisse dicerent,