pinquus quem minime decuit: per scelus, "wickedly:" alium alia clades oppressit this clause doubled, which, when combined, may be rendered, "various disasters have crushed." § 98, Obs. 11: capti ab Jugurtha, pars in crucem acti (sunt), “being seized by Jugurtha, part were crucified;" pars-pars, like alii—alii, § 98, Obs. 12, distribute illi understood, referring to affines, amicos, propinquos. For pars acti, see § 98, Exc. 2. 15. Quibus pro magnitudine imperii, &c., lit., "To whom it is proper, on account of the extent of your empire, that justice and all injustice should be a care," i. e., "to whom it belongs to take cognizance of all right and wrong:" honestarum rerum, "of all things suitable (to my rank):" nationesne, &c., scil., appellem, "shall I apply to nations," &c. ? 16. Nostri misereri. § 108, R. xiii. 17. Huic imperio fortuna, "The fortune of this (the Roman) empire," the dative for the genitive of the object. § 106, Obs. 5: una occidendum nobis esse, "that we must fall along with it." § 147, R. lxi. ne, "that." § 140, Obs. 6: agat, "may lead some astray:" omnium cui "who I hear are striving with all their might." § 145, Obs. 2: fatigare (precibus), &c., “are importuning you individually :" licuerit in regno manere, "when I might have remained in my king19. Quod utinam .... videam, “But would that I might dom." see:" næ ille, "truly then he:" graves pœnas reddat, "would suffer the heavy penalty." 20. Unde minime decuit, (scil., tuam vi tam eripi)—unde = a quo, "By whom," &c.: 21. Rerum huma 22. Tuasne narum. “Of human affairs," i. e., of their uncertainty. injurias persequar, &c., "Whether I shall try to avenge thy wrongs, or consult only for the welfare of my kingdom:" cujus vitæ necisque, &c., "of whose life or death "—i. e., since of my life or death, the disposal depends on the assistance of others, scil., the Roman This construction of the relative having ego (here the subject of consulam) for its antecedent is unusual. 23. Emori, "To die speedily." Here the infinitive as a noun is used as the subject of esset, "Would that a speedy death might be the honorable termination of my misfortunes." § 106, Obs. 5: neu vivere contemptus viderer, "and senate. that I might not seem to live an 24. Per object of contempt." per scelus (Jugurtha), et sanguinem familiæ. Familia here limits sanguinem, but not scelus, as the sense obviously shows. XV.-1. Ultro, "Without provocation:" alium, ac, "other 2. than:" neu verba inimici, &c., lit., "nor put the words of his adversary before his own deeds," i. e., "give more weight to the words of his adversary than to his own deeds;" viz., at Numantia. Utrique, "Both parties," scil., Adherbal and the legates of Jugurtha. 3. Magna pars gratia depravata, "A great party (of others) corrupted by their (the senators') influence." Compare this construction. with pars acti, &c., Ch. XIV., 14: that was according to the exception -this is according to the rule. Here contemnere, extollere, historical infinitives, are joined with the imperfect indicative (nitebantur). § 144, Obs. 6: pro alieno scelere et flagitio .... nitebantur, "exerted themselves in defence of another's wicked and base actions." Æmilius Scaurus, a Roman nobleman of great ability, who was twice consul and princeps senatus. Cicero highly extols his virtues, abilities, and achievements; but Sallust here describes him as a prudent aristocrat, anxious to keep up a respectable appearance, and to avoid suspicion as much as possible: although, in secret, he too had recourse to unfair means to obtain influence and wealth. 5. Regis, scil., Jugurtha: ne polluta licentia, &c., "that the scandalous freedom (taken by corrupt men) might excite odium against him." famosam, "notorious:" 4. XVI.-1. Vicit, "Prevailed:" decem legati, "ten commis quia sioners." 2. Cujus legationis, "Of this commission." Opimius was consul B. c. 121, and in that year he crushed the party of C. Sempronius Gracchus, the advocate of the Agrarian law. The following history shows he was not a man of integrity and honor: consul, "because when consul:" acerrime victoriam, &c., "he had made a very cruel use of the victory of the nobility over the commons." It is said that three thousand of the commons were put to death on that occasion. 3. Accuratissime, "With the greatest ceremony," "with the most studied respect:" - fide, dative for fidei. § 17, Exc.: plerosque capit, "he (Jugurtha) gains over the most of them (to his interest)." 4. Quæ pars ea pars quæ pars Numidiæ, &c., § 99, Obs. 1, 2d, "That part of Numidia which joins Mauritania." Mauritania lay to the west of Numidia corresponding to the present Fez and Morocco: illam alteram, &c., "the other (see Ch. XIII., 1.) better in appearance than reality:" portuosior, "better supplied with harbors,"-though they were few even then, as impor tuosum in the next chapter shows. XVII.-1. Attingere, "To touch upon," i. e., account of." 2. Quæ loca, as above, Note 4: tata (neut. § 98, Obs. 3.) sunt, "are less frequented:" 3. In tertia parte. "to give a brief minus frequen haud facile, &c., "I cannot easily relate any thing with certainty," lit., “any thing ascertained." America, the fourth division, was not then discovered: pauci tantummodo, supply dixerunt, or voluerunt: sed Africam (esse) in Europa. The northern parts only of Africa were then known. The early writers divided the earth, as here mentioned, into two parts. Thus Varro, L. L., 4, Ut omnis natura in cœlum et terram divisa est, sic cœlum in regiones, terra in Asiam et Europam. 4. Ea, "It," scil., Africa: - fretum nostri maris, &c., "the strait connecting our sea (the Mediterranean, so called, because Italy stretched out into it) and the (Atlantic) ocean," viz., the fretum Gaditanum or Herculeum, the Straits of Gibraltar: declivem latitudinem, "a wide sloping tract:" Catabathmon (Greek Kaтaßaðμóv, “a descent"), "Catabathmus" (magnus). This slope or region separated Cyrenaica from Egypt, and was regarded by Sallust as the limit of Africa to the west; and this shows that Egypt was not then considered as a part of Africa, but belonged to Asia. 5. Mare sævum, importuosum, "The sea was stormy, ill-supplied with harbors:" arbore infecundus, "not productive of wood" (or cælo terraque, "from the heaven and the earth," i. e., from rain or springs: generis malefici, "of a hurtful kind." 6. Qui mortales, "What men :" accesserint, "came to it:" quanquam ab ea fama, &c., "although (the account) is different from that story which holds possession of most persons," i. e., which generally prevails. Diversum agrees with, and interpretatum est has for its subject, the preceding part of the sentence, qui mortales, &c.; hence the neuter gender; for the subjunctives, habuerint, accesserint, permixti sint, see § 140, 5: qui regis Hiempsalis (esse) dicebantur, “which were said to have belonged to king Hiempsal,”—not the one already mentioned, who was killed by Jugurtha; but a later descendant of Masinissa, who ruled after Jugurtha and was still alive in the time of Cicero, about B. c. 60: rem sese habere, "the thing is." Se habere, in imitation of the Greek aurò exeiv, means "to be," lit., "to have itself." 7. Fides ejus rei, &c., "The truth of that statement will rest with the authors themselves,"-as much as to say, 'I do not vouch for the truth of it.' Sallust was prudent to throw the responsibility on his authorities; for the account here given of Africa would not have gained for him the reputation of accuracy. "trees"): XVIII.-1. Quis (for quibus) cibus, &c., lit., "To whom the food was the flesh of wild beasts, and, as to cattle, the productions of the ground" (as herbs, roots, &c.), i. e., who fed on the flesh of wild beasts, and, like cattle, on the products of the ground. Uti pecoribus refers only to humi pabulum: cujusquam limits only imperio. 2. Hercules, &c. This of course is wholly fabulous: ac passim multis sibi quisque imperium petentibus, "and every where many aim. ing at command, each for himself." Quisque here, in the nominative, is a singular construction; regularly it would be quoque in the same case with multis which it distributes. § 98, Exc. 4, in fin.: dilabitur, "melts away," comes to nothing." 3. Ex eo numero, scil., 66 the army of Hercules. the Atlantic ocean," in part surrounded or enclosed by it,-meaning the part west of the Straits of Gibraltar: inversos, "turned ignara lingua, "an un known language." Ignarus commonly active in signification ("not knowing") is here passive ("unknown"). intermarriages:” 5. Per connubia, "By tentantes agros, &c., "making trial of the lands (i. e., the pasturage), they had gone to one place, then to another,”shifted about from place to place: semet ipsi Nomadas appellavere, "they called themselves Nomades," or "Nomads." This term from. vouós, "pasture," is applied by the Greeks to pastoral tribes who have no settled habitation, but move about from place to place in search of pasture for their flocks. 6. Adhuc, "To this day:" mapalia, "huts," properly, "movable huts," as magalia means "fixed abodes." Both words are of Punic origin: — oblonga. Arrange, sunt oblonga, &c.:incurvis lateribus tecta, &c.," gathered up into a roof, with sides bending like the hulls of ships," lit., "as if the hulls of ships." 7. Accessere Libyes, "Joined themselves to the Libyans." Libyes (from Libys), the acc. pl. governed by ad in composition (ad-cessere) : pius mare. § 136, Obs. 5: sub sole magis, i. e., nearer the equatorfarther to the south: ab ardoribus, "from the scorching heats (of the torrid zone):" freto, scil., Gaditano: mutare res inter se, "to exchange commodities with one another." § 28, Obs. 5. 8. Eorum, scil., Medorum: Mauros pro Medis appellantes, "by calling them (§ 146, Obs. 6, last part) Mauri instead of Medi." This is a very improbable origin of the word Mauri. Bochart, with more probability, derives it from Mauharim, "the furthest people," as they lived on the western shores of Africa. From this is derived the modern name of Moors. pro 9. Nomine Numidæ, "Numidians by name," i. e., under the name of Numidians: the multitude of people," the superabounding, or excess of population: quæ Numidia appallatur. Though que has for its antecedent loca, in the plural, it agrees with Numidia in the singular; hence the singular appellatur. § 99, 10. Utrique, "Both," i. e., parents and children: alteris freti, i. e., alteri alteris freti, “confiding in each other," lit., "the one to the other:" "especially those." propter multitudinem, on account of 11. Obs. 4. magis ii, Africæ pars inferior pleraque, "Most of the lower part of Africa," § 98, Obs. 9, i. e., the part nearest the sea: concessere in gentem, &c., "became merged into the nation and name of the conquerors," i. e., of the Numidians; the omnes victi are the Libyans, the finitimos above. XIX.-1. Alii-pars alii alii, distributing Phonices. § 98, Obs. 12: sollicitata agrees with plebe, but belongs equally to aliis. § 98, Obs. 4: Hipponem, &c. All these are cities in the territory of Carthage, which afterwards became the province of Africa: originibus suis, "to their parent states," i. e., the cities of Phoenicia, from which the colonies that founded them had come. Here again pars—aliæ aliæ aliæ, distribute eæ, scil., urbes. 2. Nam refers to something in the mind to be supplied; as, I say nothing of Carthage, "for," &c.: alio (adv.), "to another subject.' 3. Ad Catabathmon, "On the side of (i. e., beginning at) Catasecundo mari, "along the sea," i. e., colonia Theraōn, "a colony of bathmus." See Ch. XVII. : following the sea westward: Theræans." These were from the island of Thera in the Greek Archipelago, south of Peloponnesus. Theroon, the Greek genitive plural in wv, Latinized, § 10, barbiton; so also Philanōn below: duæ Syrtes, scil., the Syrtes major, and the Syrtes minor-two large sand banks near the coast of Africa between Cyrene and Carthage, dangerous to navigation. Between them lay the route to Leptis magna, a city of considerable importance: Philanōn aræ, "the altars of the Philæni." These altars were erected in memory of the Philani who were buried alive there as described Ch. LXXIX. of this history: Egyptum versus, "towards Egypt." 4. Super Numidiam, "Above Numidia," i. e., south of it, and more inland, which is always conceived of as higher than the coast: partim in tuguriis, some in huts." Here again partim―alios and distribute Gætulos: agitare, "live:" behind these," i. e., farther south, more inland. alios-alios, post eos, "that 5. Pleraque ex |