provinces. To prevent this in future, C. Sempronius Gracchus got a law passed, B. c. 122, ordaining that the senate should determine the two provinces for the future consuls before their election. The consuls afterwards themselves determined their respective provinces by lot or agreement. 5. Obvenit, "Fell to the lot." Italy was not a province in the ordinary sense of the term. But the consul under whose administration it was placed remained at Rome, and was to be ready for any war that might break out: scribitur, "is levied," stipendium, "money." Stipendium from stips, “a small coin," in military language, means "money for the pay of the army."

"enrolled:"

"That all

XXVIII.-1. Omnia venum ire (subject of hæserat), things were venal," lit., "went to sale." Veneo (contracted from venum eo) means, "to be sold "-vendo, i. e., venum do, not being used in the passive: quos-miserat. See Ch. XIII. : aggrediantur, "to accost," "to make trial of." § 145, Obs. 5, 3d, and § 140, Obs. 5. 2. Qui postquam, "After they:"

was their pleasure:"

placeretne, "whether it recipi manibus, "should be received within the walls." The Romans did not always admit ambassadors from foreign states within the walls. To those who were not admitted, a hearing was usually given in a villa publica, or in the temple of Bellona without the city. But the question now was, whether the ambassadors of Jugurtha should be heard at all: deditum (supine), "to surrender:" in diebus proximis decem, "within the ten days ensuing.". 3. Legat sibi, "Chooses for his lieutenants:" quorum auctoritate, &c., "by whose influence he hoped those things which he might do amiss would be sheltered," i. e., screened from punishment: supra. See Ch. XV., 4. 4. In consule nostro, scil. Calpurnio: inde Siciliam, usually in Siciliam. § 130, Obs. 10.

with avarice."
his party," i. e., of the nobles:

pecuniæ, "of the bribe."

XXIX.—1. Pecunia tentare, "To tempt. him (Calpurnius) with money:" animus æger avaritia, "his mind corrupted (lit., sick) 2. A principio, "At first:" -ex factione ejus, "of impugnaverat, "had opposed:" 3. Redimebat, "Attempted to participem negotii, "a sharer of the business," viz., cum eis de omnibus, &c., "to treat in person with them about all the stipulations." 4. Fidei causa, "To inspire Jugurtha with confidence," lit., "for the sake of confidence:" mittitur, "is sent" (viz., as a hostage):

purchase:"

with Calpurnius:

species, "the pretence:"

de invidia secreta

deditionis mora, &c., "a truce was observed on account of the delay connected with the surrender." 5. Præsenti consilio, "In the presence of the council." The council of war usually consisted of the commander as president—his legates—the tribunes of the soldiers, and the oldest centurion in the legion : facti sui, "concerning the odium of his conduct:" secreto, "secretly," "in private." § 98, Obs. 10,-opposed to præsenti consilio : quasi per saturam, &c., the votes having been taken "in gross," "confusedly," i. e., not seriatim, by calling the names and marking each vote, but en masse. The expression is taken from lanx satura, "a full dish" offered as a sacrifice to the gods, and containing different kinds of fruit which were thus presented, not separately and distinctly, but confusedly, in the gross. The figurative application to other mixtures is here indicated by quasi. 6. Pro consilio,

hold an election of magistrates." This duty devolved on Calpurnius, as Scipio the other consul was now dead. In the elective assembly, the president (usually the consul) asks the people (rogat populum) to appoint new officers. Hence the term rogare in this sense: batur, "prevailed,” i. e., all was quiet.

=

agita

XXX.-1. Quoque modo actæ forent, "And in what manner they had been managed:" de facto consulis agitari (hist. inf. agitabatur), lit., “there was conversation concerning the conduct of the consul." i. e., "the conduct of the consul was the subject of conversation." 2. Gravis invidia (erat), “There was great indignation:"

parum constabat (scil., iis or patribus), “it was not clear to them," 3. Quod is ferebatur, "Because he was

i. e., they were at a loss.

said," &c. This clause is parenthetic: harangues:"

concionibus, "in his public

hortari, monere, ostendere-historical infinitives, of

accendebat, "he aroused."

which C. Memmius is the subject: 4. Ac potissimum ea dicam quæ .... disseruit, "And above all others will I relate those things which he delivered."

i. e.,

XXXI.-1. Dehortantur a vobis (the indicative is more animated than the subjunctive dehortentur), "Would dissuade me from you,' from undertaking your cause: Quirites, "Romans." The Quirites originally were the inhabitants of Cures a city of the Sabines. After the Sabines and Romans were united by Romulus under one government, the name Quirites was taken in addition to Romani.

When distinguished, Quirites is applied to the Romans in a civil, and Romani in a political or military capacity: opes factionis, scil., nobilium: - patientia, "tameness," "submissiveness under injuries:" innocentiæ plus periculi—est. § 112, R. ii. These four clauses are 2. His annis quindecim,

in apposition with multa and explain it.

§ 131, R. xli., “How for fifteen years," i. e., since B. c. 125. At that time, the aristocracy gained a decisive victory through the prætor L. Opimius, who destroyed the town of Fregellæ, and thereby crushed the first attempt of the Italian allies (socii) to obtain the Roman franchise. The power of the nobles was increased also by the fall of the Gracchi, who espoused the cause of the people; the elder of whom was slain by Scipio some years before, and the younger a few years later (scil., B. c. 121) by L. Opimius. See below, Note 5.-These three clauses beginning with quam and ut, "how," are in apposition with, and explain illa : vestri defensores, alluding to the Gracchi: ab ignavia, “in consequence of," or, "on account of your cowardice:" qui ne nunc, &c., "that you do not even now arise when your enemies are in your power, and even now you are afraid of them." The nobles were, many of them, liable to punishment on account of the part they had taken in respect to the affairs of Jugurtha: quibus decet (vos) esse terrori. § 114, R. xix. 3. Animus subigit, "My feelings compel me:" ob rem faciam, "whether I shall do that in vain or with advantage." In double questions the interrogative particle (utrum or ne enclitic) is often omitted with the first. § 140, Note. 4. Neque ego vos hortor quod, i. e., facere id quod: præcipites eant, "go to ruin:" secessione. § 118, R. xxii. See Cat. XXXIII., 5: ipsi in the nominative plural, with vos understood: suomet more, "in their own

experiar, "I will use:"

id frustra an

way," 1. e., as the natural consequence of their vices and crimes. 5. Occiso Tib. Graccho. This took place about 22 years before this. The nobles by different means had made themselves masters of all the lands of Italy, and by degrees removed the common people from their possessions. This abuse roused Tib. Gracchus to revive the Licinian law, by which no one could hold more than 500 jugera, or about 350 acres of land. His object was, to have the public lands divided among the citizens. He was slain in a collision between his adherents and the party of the nobility, headed by Scipio, B. c. 133. Twelve years afterwards, his brother Caius, and likewise M. Fulvius, in seeking to promote the same object, was slain by the consul Opimius and his party: quæstiones

quem, "who." § 145, Obs. 2:

habitæ sunt, "prosecutions were instituted."

6. Sed sane fuerit,

&c., "But grant that it may have been an aiming at sovereign power (on the part of the Gracchi) to attempt to restore to the people their rights:" quicquid sine sanguine, &c., "that every thing which cannot be punished without shedding the blood of citizens may have been done justly" (Grant I say all this, for the sake of argument, still, there are other wrongs to excite your indignation, for, &c.). 7. Superioribus annis, "In years past :" summam gloriam, "that the highest honors,” i. e., civil and military offices: tamen. parum habuere, "yet they have esteemed it a small matter:"-" too little."

8. Per ora vestra, "Before your very faces:" ea (esse sibi) honori, § 114, R. xix.: so next sentence, quibus quæstui sunt. 9. Imperio nati, "Born to dominion." § 112, R. xvii. 10. Pars eorum, &c., "Some of them consider their having the tribunes of the people (referring to the Gracchi), others their iniquitous prosecutions, &c.,-for their security." The infinitives here are regarded as verbal nouns, and are, like quæstiones, the object of habent. 11. Ita quam quisque, &c., "Thus the more wickedly a person has acted, the safer he is." Here pessime and maxime are used with the construction of the comparative,- -a usage not common in Latin, and which cannot be literally translated into English:

metum a

scelere suo, &c., "they have shifted fear from their own guilt to your cowardice," ―a se sceleratis ad vos ignàvos, i. e., the fear, which they ought themselves to feel on account of their wickedness, they have shifted to you giving way to cowardice: quos omnes eadem, &c.,

"all whom their coveting the same things, hating the same things, and fearing the same things, has brought together into one;"-here the infinitive clauses are the subject of coëgit. § 101, R. iv., Expl. Compare Cat., Ch. XX., Idem velle, &c. the wicked, it is faction."

12. Inter malos factio est, "Amongst 13. Quod si tam vos, &c. Here we have an anacoluthon, § 150, 3, 5th: the writer begins as if he intended the second clause to be, quam illi dominationis, and ends as if the first clause had been-si tam vos accensi essetis ad libertatis curam : beneficia vestra, namely, the offices and honors in the gift of the people. 14. Parta amittere, "To lose what has been acquired." This clause is the subject of est. 15. Vindicandum in eos, i. e., Num censes vindicandum esse in eos? &c., "Do you think that punishNon manu, &c. The first part of this answer is to be supplied from the question; thus, Censeo equidem vindicandum, non manu, &c., "not by force nor by

ment should be inflicted on those?" &c.:

violence:"

quæstionibus et indicio, "by legal investigations and si dedititius est, "if he has surrendered."

the testimony:" 16. Nisi forte, "Unless perhaps." This is spoken with strong irony: illa quam hæc tempora magis placent, "the former times (viz., those subsequent to the death of the Gracchi) please more than these latter," i. e., the present times: satis habebatis, "considered it enough." 17. In perniciem casura esset, "Were to end in your destruction." 18. Quantum importunitatis habent, "Such arrogance have they;" in full form, pro tanta importunitate, quantum importunitatis habent. § 99, Obs. 10: aut serviundum esse (vobis), &c., "that either you must be slaves, or your liberty must be retained by force." 19. Quæ nisi quæsita erunt, “Unless these things (§ 99, Obs. 8.) be inquired into." 20. Id est (eum) esse regem, "That is,

to be a tyrant." Such is the meaning of rex here. The regular construction would be esse rex. § 103, Obs. 6. 21. Perperam quam recte, "Wrong than right:" sed ne ignoscendo malis bonos perdi tum eatis (= perdatis, § 148, Obs. 1.), "but that you should not ruin honest men by pardoning villains." 22. Ubi neglegas

were at peace with us."

si negli

XXXII.-1. Interposita fide publica, "By pledging the public faith for his safety." § 146, Obs. 2. So in the next clause: quos pecuniæ captæ arcessebant, "whom they accused of taking bribes." § 122, R. xxvii. Arcesso signifies "to call," scil., into a court of justice, hence, "to accuse:" Scauri et reliquorum .... delicta. See Ch. XXIV. 2. Qui, i. e., ii qui, "Those who." § 99, Obs. 1, 4th. 3. Fuere, qui, "Some." § 141, Obs. 1: elephantos, viz., those surrendered to the Romans by Jugurtha. Chap. XXIX. ad fin.: alii-pars, "Some-others:" ex pacatis, from those who 4. Perlata rogatione a C. Memmio, "The bill proposed by C. Memmius having been carried through," i. e., "having become a law;" namely, to send Cassius to Jugurtha;-called rogatio, because he who proposed it asked (rogavit) the people (ut jubeat) that they would order it by their vote to become a law, enact it: ex conscientia diffidenti rebus suis, "from a sense of guilt despairing of his case:" ne vim quam misericordiam ejus (scil., populi Romani) experiri mallet, "not to choose to make trial of their power rather than of their clemency "-quam after magis implied in mallet. non minoris ducebat,

5. Ille, "He," scil., Jugurtha:

"valued not less." § 133, Exc.

....