sensium depends on res erat understood, lit., "as was the affair of," &c. 4. Inter ceteram planitiem, "In the midst of the plain." The meaning is, that except this single mountain, all the rest (ceteram) was a plain: satis patens, "large enough" (scil., on the top): omnia, scil., loca, "in all parts," i. e., every where § 128, Exc.: and design."

= omnibus locis. velut opere atque consulto, "as if (made so) by art 5. Forte, quam consilio melius gesta, "Was effected more by chance than good management." 6. Nam castello, lit., "For there was to the fort," i. e., "the fort had (or contained)." § 112, R. ii.: aggeribus.... locus importunus, "the place was unfit for mounds," i. e., the methods of attacking towns usually employed by the Romans (Ch. XXXVII., 4, ad fin., and Ch. XXI., 5.) were of no avail here: iter castellanorum, "the road of those inhabiting the fortress," i. e., the way up to the fort. 7. Milites neque consistere, scil., poterant, "The soldiers could neither stand:" front of the work," i. e., of the vineæ: unevenness of the place," i. e., "the steepness of the ascent:" inter vineas intra vineas, "within (under cover of) the vineæ:" administrare, "labor."

pro opere, "in iniquitatem loci, lit., “the

cochleas, "snails." These were

XCIII.-1. Anxius trahere, "Anxiously considered." § 98, Obs. 10. 2. Estuans, "In great perplexity," lit., "boiling with vexation:" Ligus, "Ligurian "-one belonging to the country of Liguria in the north of Italy, of which Genoa was the capital. Of these there were four cohorts among the Roman auxiliaries (Ch. LXXVII.), and being accustomed at home to the life of mountaineers, the exploit here mentioned is the more plausible. 3. Aquatum, "To get water the supine. § 148, 1: quod aversum præliantibus, "which was turned away from (was not seen from) where they were fighting:" animum advertit animadvertit: held in high repute among the ancients as an article of food: egressus est, "he got up." 4. Solitudinem intellexit, "He perceived the solitude,” i. e., that there were none on that side of the mountain to see him, the attention of all having been drawn to the scene of conflict on the opposite side of the fortress: cupido difficilia, &c., "the desire of performing difficult exploits changed his mind," viz., from the occupation of gathering snails to examine the interior of the fort. Modo prona, "Only sloping down" (at first): "then having bent and grown upwards:" quo cuncta, &c., "as nature inclines all plants;" gignentium, subs. governed by cuncta.

5.

dein flexa, &c.

§ 106, Obs. 8:

modo-modo, "at one time-at another:"

cas

telli planitiem perscribit, "he reconnoitres the area of the fortress," 6. Non temere, uti escenderat, "Not care

lit., "makes a plan of."

tentans, "exploring."

7. Hor

9.

lessly, as he had gone up:" tatur.... tentet. § 140, Obs. 5. 8. Promissa ejus cognitum, "To test his promises." Note 3, above. After misit supply quosdam. Paulum arrectus, 'Was a little excited:" parum arrectus, would mean "little excited;" paulum is positive, "a little”—parum is negative, "little." 10. Præsidio qui forent, "To be a guard." § 141,Obs. 2, 4th.

XCIV.-1. Pergit, i. e., Ligus pergit.

2. Uti prospectus, &c.,

"That the view before them, and their climbing over the rocks:" verum ea Numidica, &c., "but these were Numidian shields made of hides:" offensa, "when struck" (against the rocks). 3. Saxa ... laqueis vinciebat, "Fastened ropes round projecting stones:" et (radices arborum) si quæ vetustate radices eminebant, "and the roots of trees, if any roots projected owing to their age:"

"assisted by which:"

levare manu,

quibus alle

"he assisted them with

vati,
his hand," hist. inf.- -so mittere, sequi, tentare, addere ·

que dubia

4. Desertum

5. Intentos

nisu (for nisui, § 16, Exc. 2.) videbantur, potissimus tentare, “places which seemed dangerous to attempt, he first tried." ab ea parte, "Deserted (left defenceless) on that side." prælio Numidas habuerat, “He had kept the Numidians intent on the battle," scil., in order to withdraw their attention from the proceedings of the Ligurian and his company. 6. Testudine acta, "Forming a testudo." The testudo was formed by the soldiers standing close together and holding their shields over their heads, so that one overlapped another, like the scales of a tortoise (whence the name testudo). By this means the missiles thrown from above glanced off from the shields without injuring those protected by them. 7. Agitare, "Walked about:" ac Mario vecordiam objectare, "and upbraided Marius with madness:" · militibus nostris, &c., "threatened to make our soldiers slaves to Jugurtha," lit., "the slavery of Jugurtha to our soldiers." 8. Signa canere (tibicines), "The trumpeters sounded the signals (of attack):" visum processerant, "had gone out to see (the battle):" cuncti, &c., scil., fugere: · neque præda morari, "nor did the booty detain." 9. Sic forte, &c., "Thus the rashness of Marius, being corrected by fortune, procured him glory from a blunder;" meaning, his inconsiderate rashness in attempting to reduce a fortress hitherto deemed impregnable.

XCV.-1. Quos uti

cogeret, "To collect whom," scil., equites, the antecedent of quos, implied in equitatu. § 99, Obs. 2:

res,

"the subject,” i. e., the present narrative: nuit. § 122, R. xxvii. Cicero. He wrote a history of the civil war between Marius and Sulla; but, being himself a partizan of Sulla, he was thought to be not quite unbiassed in his judgment: after persecutus, supply Sullæ naturam cultumque: · parum libero ore, "with too little freedom."

nos tanti viri admo2. L. Sisenna, an early cotemporary of

atque doc

3. Majorum ignavia, "In consequence of the inactivity of his ancestors," scil., of the gens Cornelia-exstincta refers to the loss of political power and influence, rather than to physical decay: tissime, "and that very profoundly:" otio luxurioso; with this and animo ingenti, just before, supply homo in the predicate nominative. § 106, R. vii. 4. Nisi quod, &c., "Except that he might have acted more honorably in respect to his wife." Sulla, it is said, was five times married, and in every case was highly censurable for his infidelity and debauchery: consuli is used impersonally, and imparts this character to potuit before it. § 113, Obs. 1: facilis, "pleasing in his friendship." § 128, R. xxxiv. dustriam, "Greater than his activity:"

amicitia

5. Super in

fortior, i. e., num fortior, or fortiorne, § 140, 5; Note: so (num) pudeat. This has reference to the excesses committed by Sulla after his victory over Marius in the civil war. See Cat., Ch. IV., 6.

XCVI.—1. In paucis tempestatibus, "In a short time." The use of tempestates in the plural in this sense seems to be peculiar to Sallust. 2. Per se ipse (as if se ipsum, § 98, Exc. 5.), "Of his own accord :" invitus, "unwillingly," § 98, Obs. 10; so multus with adesse, below; with accipere and repetere, supply beneficia :

"borrowed money."
deavored;" id refers to the
sibi, "to him," scil., Sulla.
praved ambition is wont to do:"

æs mutuum,

3. Magis id laborare, "This rather he enfollowing clause, § 97, Obs. 7: illi = 4. Quod prava ambitio solet, "As deid quod, "and this," plerosque anteve

quod

referring to the following clause, consulis, &c.: nire, "he excelled the most."

=

XCVII.-1. Quam primum copias adduceret, i. e., qui diceret ut quam primum, &c., "To tell him to bring his forces as soon as possible."

§ 145, Obs. 5, 3d Note.

that he." § 99, Obs. 8:

2. Quem ubi accepit, "When he heard dubium belli, &c., "at a loss was weighing

deliberately the advantages of peace and war :" particular friends:" ipsique Mauro, scil., Boccho: bus, "his (Jugurtha's) territories."

Exc.:

proximos, "his suis fini

4.

3. Die, genitive for diei. § 17, nullo (obsolete for nulli, § 20, Note 2.) impedimento, scil., sibi fore. § 114, R. xix.: contra, "on the other hand:" utrumque casum, "that either event," scil., victory or defeat. Exercitus (namely of Marius), subject of quivit—a word of less power than potuit: signum, "a signal" usually given by the trumpet: Mauri, Gætuli, both adjectives: catervatim, "in separate

bands."

5. Ascendere, ire, fieri, hist. inf.:

encounter with robbers:" cut down"-"slew:" nostros.

signis, "standards:" obtruncare, "mutilated:"

latrocinio, "an

cædere, "they

tegere, scil.,

6. Romani veteres novique (mixti), &c., "The Roman veterans and the new soldiers (who had been mingled with them), and for that reason skilled in warfare:" orbes facere, "formed them! selves into circles," viz., so as to present a front to the enemy all round. Some editions leave out novique, and so confine what is here said to veteres; in that case ob ea would refer to the fact of their being

veterans.

XCVIII.-1. Tam aspero negotio, "So fierce a conflict:" misso animo. § 106, R. vii.:

his soldiers by fighting."

de

manu consulere militibus, "assisted 2. Nihil remittere, "Did not leave off:"

pro se, "favorable to them:" rati agrees with barbari.

3. Ex copia rerum consilium trahit, "Adopts measures according to

his circumstances:"

§ 28, Obs. 5:

quired," "needed:"

propinquos inter se, "near each other." parum amplo, "too small:" neque et non, or nequidem:

quærebat,

"re

pleno

gradu, "in full step," i. e., "at a quick pace." 4. Effusi consedere, "Encamped in a scattered manner," "without any regular order."

5. Strepere vocibus, "Shouted," "yelled:" et ipsi duces feroces, "and the leaders themselves (Jugurtha and Bocchus) highly pro victoribus, " 'as if they were conquerors."

elated:"

XCIX.-1. Imperitia hostium, "By the unskilful conduct of the enemy," viz., as described in the close of the preceding chapter. 2. Ne signa.... canere, "That not even the signals should be sounded." Canere is sometimes transitive, and has signum or signa for its object, as below; sometimes intransitive, with signum or signa for its subject, as here: uti per vigilias solebant. The night was divided by the

Romans into four watches, the beginning of each of which was announced by sounding the buccina or horn. This customary announcement was on the present occasion ordered to be omitted: omnes simul, "all at once." 3. Nullo subveniente, "No one coming to their assistance:" formido quasi vecordia, "terror like a frenzy." Formido is a stronger term than timor, and expresses the highest degree of fear: terrore, "from the fright."

C.-1. Quadrato agmine, "With his army in column."

This does

not mean that it was formed in a square having equal sides; but in the form of a parallelogram or quadrilateral rectangular figure, whose opposite sides are equal, but the length of which is greater than the breadth. 2. Apud dextimos curabat, "Commanded on the extreme right." Curabat, in this clause, is absolute or intransitive; so also in the next: but in the last it is transitive and governs cohortes. § 38, Obs. 5:

these

· primos et extremos.... tribunos locaverat, "he (Marius) had placed the tribunes in the van and rear," lit., "first and last." 3. Perfuga, "Deserters," viz., from the Numidian army, Ch. LVI., 2; are said to be minime cari, persons "very little valued." 4. Quasi nullo imposito, "As if no one had been placed in command." 5. Item milites cogebat, "And obliged the soldiers to be so too,” i. e., to be armed and on their guard: neque secus, &c. Arrange, neque munire castra secus atque facere iter, "nor did he fortify his camp otherwise (i. e., with less care) than he performed his march:” secus atque. § 149, Obs. 6. 6. Excubitum (supine), "To keep watch," to be supplied again with equites auxiliarios : - non tam diffidentia futurum, quæ imperavisset, "not so much from want of confidence that those things which he had ordered would be done." Here the subject of futurum (esse) is ea understood which would regularly require futura (esse). This is the only instance known in the classics in which futurum is used in the future infinitive as indeclinable; but Gellius shows that this was not uncommon in the

early writers. The Bipont edition has futura : quam uti, &c., "as that the labor, being equally shared by the commander, might be more agreeable to (i. e., might be more cheerfully endured by) the soldiers." For this construction see Ch. LXXXIV., 5. 7. Belli governed by temporibus: pudore, "by shame," scil., lest they should not equal the labors of their commander: "than by punishment:"

quam malo, quod.... ficri, "that this was done:" per ambitionem, "from a desire of popularity:" pars (quod