Thermodynamics: Foundations and Applications

A₁ A₂ adiabatic availability adiabatic process amount of energy amounts of constituents available energy B₁ bulk-flow changes characteristic function chemical potentials combustion constant constituents and parameters corresponding cyclic defined denoted E₁ E₂ electricity energy and entropy energy exchanged energy transferred engine entropy balances environment equal equation example fuel function fundamental relation Gibbs free energy given values ground-energy h₁ h₂ H₂O heat engine heat interaction heat pump initial intensive properties irreversibility isobaric kJ/kg liquid mass Maxwell relations molecules mutual stable equilibrium n₁ n₂ p₁ P₂ partial derivative phase piston pressure process is reversible reservoir respect result reversible weight process S₁ S₂ saturated Schematic second law Section simple system specific entropy specific volume spontaneous steam substance subsystems system consisting T₁ T₂ Taylor series temperature TR thermodynamics turbine V₁ values of amounts vapor variables zero