1. dis habendoque MS. Ber.: distrahendo P: hence Gron. and Drak. read trahendo delaying; but such policy on the part of Servilius would be illtimed and absurd.

dilectu (on spelling, cf. CIL 3, 6067, Riem. 214)=dative. Cf. 11, 5; 9, 5, 6; 4, 12, f. usu; 7, 2, m. versu. This ancient form (parallel to pernicie=perniciei 5, 12, 4, &c.) is common in Tac. Cf. Tac. A. 3, 33, m.; Plaut. Rud. 2, 1, 5; Prop. 1, 13, 30; ib. 2, 1, 66; Virg. G. 4, 158 and 198; A. 6, 465; 9, 605.

dat operam, cf. 21, 45, 6. Liv. omits to mention the number of the Roman army; but Appian H. 8, supplies the deficiency. The strength of the army was raised to thirteen legions, and twice as many demanded from the Italian allies. Two legions were sent to Spain, and one to Sicily, Sardinia and Tarentum respectively. Servilius received two fresh legions, together with the remainder of Scipio's two, while Flaminius got two new legions with the remainder of those of Sempronius. The contingents of the Italian allies and Latin name were divided between the consuls.

ex hibernis: Hann.'s quarters were in Liguria, cf. 21, 59, 10. Two approaches to Rome lay before him, either from Ariminum

by the Flaminian Way (infr. 11,5), or across the Apennines through Etruria. He preferred the latter partly (according to Pol. 3, 78, 6) as the more direct, partly as he doubtless received intelligence respecting the character of Flaminius, who was there opposed to him, and whose rashness and impetuosity found their parallel in Sempronius (21, 54, 8), whereas Servilius would probably avoid an engagement until joined by his colleague.

Arretium (mod. Arezzo): this was one of the most powerful cities of Etruria, ranking with Volsinii, Perusia and Cortona (9, 37, f.; 10, 37, in.), and an important military position, being the key of Etruria and the Tiber valley from the north.

2. aliud, i.e. by Ariminum. Hann. avoided the other routes by Luna, Bononia, &c., because of their distance, or as being probably guarded by the enemy (Pol. 1. c.), and running close to fortified towns in alliance with Rome, though much weight is not to be attached to the last point, when we remember Mago's advance towards Placentia, 21, 47, 7.

Strab. 5, 2, 9 says that the way by Ariminum and Umbria was avoided, as H. knew that it was well guarded.

propiorem: crossing the Apennines he probably reached the

neighbourhood of Pistoria, thence passing through the marshy ground to Faesulae (3, 3), thence past Arretium to Cortona (4, 1), as far as Lake Trasumennus (6, 7), thence to Spoletium (9, 1), where he altered his forward march, proceeding to Picenum (9, 2). paludes conj. Rup., cf. 3, 1: paludem vulg. with MSS. These marshes lay between the Auser and Arnus, and are still represented in part by the L. Fucecchio and Bientina, north of the Arno, though probably the low ground in which Florence lies was then more liable to the inundations of that river in the spring, and was also a marsh at that period of the year, as well as in winter. Strab. 5, 1, 11 erroneously places these marshes in the valley of the Po.

solito m. cf. 14, 2. inundaverat had overflowed': this intrans. use is rare. Liv. always uses the acc. after this verb, except here and 8, 24, m., where campis is not dat. but abl., as Fab. shews.

3. et (omne) 'and generally', or simply epexegetical as in 21, 55, 2, and Pol. 3, 79, 1 (which is here closely copied) eis τǹv πρwτοπορείαν ἔθηκε τοὺς Λίβυας καὶ Ἴβηρας καὶ πᾶν τὸ χρησιμώτερον μέρος τῆς σφετέρας δυνάμεως. For other nationalities in Hann.'s army, which may possibly be meant here (as opposed to troops

from Gaul), cf. 21, 22, 2-3. P reads et o. v. erat; Gron. conj. id for et (so vulg.): old edd. et o. quod v. erat. Probably erant sprang from a dittography and was altered into the sing. by a corrector.

ipsorum 'their own baggage" exclusively; but cf. Pol. 1. c. συγκαταμίξας αὐτοῖς τὴν ἀποσκευήν, which would imply the entire baggage.

necubine-cubi, i. e. ne alicubi; cf. 16, 5; 28, 8; ne-cunde, i. e. ne alicunde, 23, 10; the initial c (=k- i.e. ka) is lost in ubi and unde, but is preserved in the pronoun-hic-hi-ce, nunc=nun-ce, sic-si-ce: so ka is found in Sansk. kas=quis, кŵs, &c. Cf. Ferrar's Comp. G. p. 43.

Gallos = subject.

id=ii, the Gauls; cf. 6,3; 21, 10, 12 (where vulg. with two of best MSS. has id for ad); ib. 31, 10: Rob. 1068.

4. cogere (=claudere) agmen = 'to bring up the rear', 'close the line', cf. 44, 4, f. Liv. seems to make four divisions, while Pol. gives only three, Mago having charge of the novissimum agmen = οὐρά, οὐραγία.

maxime, &c. especially to restrain the Gauls', cohibentem= cohibiturum. Cf. 21, 6, 2 orantes.

mollis ad, &c. 'without energy to endure such hardships': on the Gallic temperament cf. 21, 25, 6. Cf. the estimate of them formed by Camillus 5, 44, m.; also 7, 12, m.; 10, 28, in. ; 27, 48, f.; 34, 47, m.; 38, 17, m.; Sil. It. 4, 313; 8, 16. Pol. and others give them the same character.

dilaberentur, cf. 21, 32, 10; here sc. ab signis='should fall away', • desert απονεύειν εἰς τοὐπίσω Ρol.

5. qua (parte) modo, 'wherever ('provided that', 'if only') the guides led the way': for this restrictive sense of qui modo or quidem with subj. cf. 33, 3, in. Madv. 364, 2: for subj. cf. 11, 8. praealtas, &c. 'very deep and almost bottomless (unfathomable) depths': prae....v. recur in 44, 8, 6, as a characteristic of the Enipeus.

limo: so Liv. 31, 38, m. speaking of the battle at Octolophus, says in paludes coniecti profundo limo hausti sunt.

immergentesque se sc. in aquam: Pol. 3, 79, however, states that while crossing the marshes they found certain στερεοὺς τόπους. tamen apodosis to hausti (for

=

quamquam hausti sunt, cf. 21, 49, 9): for this use after part. cf. infr. 11; 13, 3: so in Greek the protasis often= =a part. with oμws in apodosis, as in Herod. 6, 120 ἀπικόμενοι ἱμείροντο ὅμως.

6. sustinere, &c. 'recover their footing when they slipped', cf. 5, 21, 16 prolapsum cecidisse: a very similar passage occurs 21, 35, 12. Crevier needlessly transposes prol. n.

aut: most mod. edd. prefix nec after conj. of Perizon. neque; but aut may stand, after neque... neque, as negative, cf. Cic. Fam. 2, 19 neque unde, nec quo die, aut quo tempore significabant. Walk. proposes haud...haud for aut...aut, which though plausible is unnecessary. Cf. 25, 9, in. nec diverti, aut excedere paterentur.

7. alii...alii explanatory respectively of aut corpora, aut animos, and therefore nom. to sustinebant.

procubuissent conjunctiv. iterativ. Cf. 38, 3; 21, 46, 6. et ipsa, cf. 1, 18.

maximeq.omnium, cf. 23, 49, f. vigiliae here = ἀγρυπνία. conficiebant sc. Poenos: cf. use of afficio 8, 3.

✓ III.

distance from surface, op. simple abl. sup. 9-out of the water itself: for the local sense cf. 21, 5, 7.

11. vigiliis...caelo: these abls. are abls. abs., though the verb agrees only with the last, by which it gains special emphasis, cf. Madv. 213, b. The abl. in this idiom is properly an abl. of attendant circumstances.

tamen P: tandem vulg. after .Heinsius.

caelo 'climate', 'air'. gravante = ing'.

afficiente, 'affect

et quia: note change of expression, cf. 52, 3.

altero, &c. 'he loses one eye': the phrase occurs in a different sense 21, 58, 5. Cf. Epit. 22, in.: so Pol. 3, 79 TÉλOS ẻσTEPĤ0N TŶs mas byews; Tac. H. 4, 13; Juv. 10, 157; Sil. It. 4, 764; Apul. D. Socr. 7. On the other hand C. Nep. Hann. 4, states that Hann. in crossing the Apennines had so severe an attack of ophthalmia that he never recovered the full use of his right eye. Plutarch relates that Philip and Antigonus also had each but one eye. Coel. Antip. 34 (Peter Hist. Rom. Rell. p. 157) relates that Juno

threatened to deprive Hann. of his other eye, if he removed a gold column from her temple.

1. foede turpiter, i. e. the loss of men in the marshes was disgraceful, whereas in battle it would have been glorious, while fighting against the foe: this seems better than 'amid horrible misery' C. and B. Cf. 6, 1, f. cum exitio urbis foede pugnatum.

de pal.: de instead of ex (1, 13, 5), or abl., is ära λey. in a classical author with this verb, though found with other verbs, cf. 21, 48, 6.

ubi, i.e. near Faesulae. Pol. 3, 82, 1.

c. locat, which Liv. varies 29, 28, 1 c. metantur; in late Lat. this becomes castrametari, cf. Vulg. Ios. 4, 19, &c. (ed. Tischendorf).

certumq. habuit 'learnt '=pro certo h., certior factus est. Cf. 28, 40, m.

Arretii: Servilius being at Ariminum and Flaminius at Arretium, the Roman forces were thus (as Arnold 3, 104 observes) nearly in the same positions as when eight years previously the consul L. Aemilius near the former city and a praetor's army in