2 moenia esse. Consulis deinde consilia atque animum et situm regionum itineraque et copias ad commeatus expediendos et cetera, quae cognosse in rem erat, summa omnia cum cura inquirendo exsequebatur. 3 Regio erat in primis Italiae fertilis, Etrusci campi, qui Faesulas inter Arretiumque iacent, frumenti ac 4 pecoris et omnium copia rerum opulenti; consul ferox ab consulatu priore et non modo legum aut patrum maiestatis, sed ne deorum quidem satis metuens ; Etruria prepared to dispute the advance of the Gauls, while the enemy eluded the vigilance of the Romans in both cases, passing on towards Arretium. 2. situm regionum, cf. 38, 9. itineraque 'roads', rather than 'his movements', C. and B., as the que marks the second member as a continuation of the first, i.e. situm, cf. Madv. 433. copias, &c. 'the resources which the country offered for obtaining supplies'. Cf. 5, 26, f. frumentum copiaeque aliae. in rem usui eius, 'important for him'. Cf. 29, 8; 20, 6: so 32, 21, in. quae e re sua essent; 35, 32, m. non ab re esse. omnia sums up what precedes. inq. exsequebatur carefully investigated: this verb is frequently used with abl. of gerund quaerendo, 6, 14, f., percunctando 9, 3, f., sciscitando 25, 29, f.: so persequor 3, 20, in. The phrase indicates an inquiry continued and prosecuted with care. Liv. makes a larger use of the abl. of gerund than other writers. Cf. Rob. 1386. 3. in primis 'one of the most fruitful in Italy': for the gen. cf. Cic. Verr. 2, 35 in primis Siciliae clarum; also Gr. év Toîs Tршто Madv. G. S. 96, 2. Etrusci, &c., i. e. the fertile plains where Florence now stands, though probably inferior to those of Campania. Cf. Smith's G. D. S. V. Faesulas, Faesulae (mod. Fiesole) was a city in Etruria, which became celebrated as the headquarters of Catiline. Sall. C. 24, &c. Sil. It. 8,478 refers to its fame for augury. Affuit et sacris interpres fulminis alis Faesula, though this was a characteristic of the Etruscans in general. Cf. Liv. 5, 15. inter for the anastrophe, chiefly after relative pron., common in Tac. (e. g. Tac. A. 4, 50) and poets, cf. 28, 14, in., Rob. 1805. Cf. 21, 52, 11. 4. ab consulatu, alluding to B. c. 223. Cf. 21, 63, 7: the prep.='from the time of', cf. 30, 36, 1, though involving also the cause, cf. 34, 2; 21, 54, 6 (where ferox occurs with abl.). non modo 'I do not say': for omission of non following, cf. 28, 5: this is limited to the case when there is a common predicate standing in the final clause, cf. 1, 40, 2. Rob. 2240. Cf. use of οὐχ ὅπως...ἀλλὰ καί. legum decree of people, patrum of senate. Cf. 21, 63, 6. metuens for gen. after part. = hanc insitam ingenio eius temeritatem fortuna prospero civilibus bellicisque rebus successu aluerat. Itaque satis apparebat, nec deos nec homines consu- 5 lentem ferociter omnia ac praepropere acturum; quoque pronior esset in vitia sua, agitare eum atque 6 irritare Poenus parat, et laeva relicto hoste Faesulas petens, medio Etruriae agro praedatum profectus, quantam maximam vastitatem potest, caedibus incendiisque consuli procul ostendit. Flaminius, qui 7 ne quieto quidem hoste ipse quieturus erat, tum vero, adj., i. e. implying a quality, not an action, cf. Madv. 289, a: Hor. O. 1, 3, 1; ib. 3, 9, 10; S. 2, 2, 110; Luc. 7, 373 domini metuentem; Liv. 21, 31, 11. civilibus: alluding to his agrarian law B. C. 220, Flaminian Way, and Fl. Circus, cf. 27, 21, 1, to which we may add his second consulship. bellicis, i.e. his defeat of the Insubres, B. c. 223, on the Addua. 5. ferociter 'in a headstrong manner', answering to ferox sup. 4: for the collocation, cf. 19, 10. quoque, &c. 'and that he might be the more inclined to indulge' =final subj. Rob. 1642. 6. laeva: a glance at the map will show that, if the text be correct, Livy's geographical knowledge is defective. Hann. is marching southwards-therefore the Romans at Arretium would be on his left if he were marching from, not towards, Faesulae: hence Voss conj. a Faesulis p. medios E. agros; but I would suggest as simpler to read praeteriens for petens, as the latter might have been easily substituted by the negligence of a scribe, which would coincide with the direction of Hann,'s march ac cording to Pol. 3, 82 moinoάuevos ȧvašvyǹv ảπÒ TŵV KATà Þaioóλav TÓTTWV. medio abl. of way with profectus, cf. 21, 38, 6: others less correctly connect it with praedatum, cf. 31, 3 (note). praedatum = acc. of verbal subst. dependent on profectus, as in Sall. J. 103; cf. Liv. 25, 39, m. quantam m. v. p. 'the greatest possible devastation', cf. 21, 41, 4; Sall. J. 13, 2. 7. Flaminius: note distance from verb proripuit § 9. quieturus erat: this periphrasis is called futurum in praeterito Madv. 342. There is so much exaggeration of the faults of Flam. in Livy's account of him, that we cannot help feeling that the plebeian consul is unfairly dealt with, owing to "the unquenchable hatred of the Roman aristocracy to the author of an agrarian law." Cf. Arn. 3, 110. Mommsen's estimate of him recalls the Greek demagogue Cleon. No doubt the wiser course would have been to have waited for Servilius, before giving battle; but after a defeat it is notoriously easy to indicate errors in strategics, as modern history proves. postquam res sociorum ante oculos prope suos ferriagique vidit, suum id dedecus ratus, per mediam iam Italiam vagari Poenum atque obsistente nullo ad 8 ipsa Romana moenia ire oppugnanda, ceteris omnibus in consilio salutaria magis quam speciosa suadentibus: collegam exspectandum, ut coniunctis exercitibus, communi animo consilioque rem 9 gererent, interim equitatu auxiliisque levium armorum ab effusa praedandi licentia hostem cohibendum, iratus se ex consilio proripuit, signumque simul 10 itineris pugnaeque quum dedisset, "Immo Arretii ante moenia sedeamus" inquit; "hic enim patria et It is strange, however, that Polybius should show similar prejudices against this consul; but probably this is due, as Schmitz suggests, to Scipio, the friend of the historian, who saw in him the forerunner of the Gracchi. tum vero, in apodosis after postquam, contrasting actual with supposed case. Cf. 3, 66, f. ferri agique. Cf. 1, 2. suum=predicate, 'a personal disgrace'. mediam iam I.: note Homoeoteleuta common in Liv., cf. infr. ipsa, &c.; Cic. Tusc. 4, 24, 53 rerum formidolosarum contrariarumque perfendarum aut omnino neglegendarum. 8. ceteris, &c. 'while all the other officers in his council of war urged him to adopt measures of safety rather than display'. The consilium militare or castrense, under the presidency of the consul, consisted of the chief staff officers-legati, military tribunes, and chief centurions; cf. praetorium 21, 54, 3. Cf. infr. 53, 6. Pol. does not mention a formal council, merely stating that 'certain persons' (Tv) were of this opinion. D. L. II. collegam: Servilius, hearing that Hann. had invaded Etruria, abandoned his now useless position at Ariminum (21, 63, 15) to join Flam., sending a body of cavalry in advance, infr. 8, 1. 9. equitatu: for Livy's use of instrumental abl. of a rational agent (instead of per with acc.), cf. 21, 46, 5; Madv. 254, 3; Rob. 1220, 1221: for levia arma= levis armatura, cf. 37, 7; 45, 7. effusa: Duk. conj. effuse, cf. 21, 46, 9; but the hypallage is supported by ib. 10, 12. signum: the signal for marching was given with the tuba to the infantry, with the lituus to the cavalry (the bucina being used for relieving guard, &c.): the signal for battle was usually given by the vexillum russi coloris hoisted on the general's tent (praetorium); cf. Caes. G. 2, 20; L. 21, 59, 4. p. q.dedisset (late MS.): Madv. and late edd. adopt conj. of Heerw. proposuisset, cf. 45, 5: P pugnaeque cum immo: vulg. pq. proposuit. Quin immo, &c. 10. Immo-ironical. sedeamus: cf. 21, 48, 9: so assideo 23, 19, in. implies waste of 2 penates sunt. Hannibal emissus e manibus perpopuletur Italiam vastandoque et urendo omnia ad Romana moenia perveniat, nec ante nos hinc moverimus, quam, sicut olim Camillum ab Veiis, C. Flaminium ab Arretio patres acciverint." Haec simul 11 increpans quum ocius signa convelli iuberet et ipse in equum insiluisset, equus repente corruit consulemque lapsum super caput effudit. Territis omnibus, 12 qui circa erant, velut foedo omine incipiendae rei, insuper nuntiatur, signum omni vi moliente signitime, 'to sit idle', like μaι, káoŋ- temporal advs. with the part.; μai desideo. 6. penates. Cf. 1, 6. vastando: for abl. of gerund. cf. 21, 43, 8; 1, 6, 6; Rob. 1385. nec moverimus, cf. 21, 43, 11: for perf. subj. in prohibitions cf. Rob. 1596, 1602: Madv. 386. ab Veiis: the statement is not quite accurate, as it was the Romans in Veii who summoned Camillus from Ardea B. c. 390 (cf. 5, 46, in. and f.), from whence he marched to Rome (ib. 49, 1). Cf. words of Lentulus 9, 4, f. an a Veiis exercitum Camillumque ducem implorabunt? See infr. 14, 11. Luterb. writes Veis, as Latin authors avoid the sound of ii, so gen. fili, oti, Pompei, Arreti (sup. 10, &c. ed. Weis.). acciverint: fut. perf.; cf. 42, 52, f. ante...quam defuerit: the fut. simple is not thus used, but is represented by pres. indic., cf. infr. 50, 8. In negative sentences antequam is divided. 11. Haec, &c. 'when with this rebuke on his lips he was ordering the standards to be drawn from the ground with all speed', &c. simul increpans is found also in 1, 26, 3. Liv. often combines so extemplo adveniens, statim Cf. infr. 12, 4; 4, 13, m. s. convelli, cf. 5, 37, m.; Tac. A. 1, 20: so vello and evello are used; cf. Virg. 11, 19 (Coning.). equus: according to Coel. Ant. fr. 20 (Peter H. R. R. 151), from whom Liv. derives §§ 11-14 (before and after which he translates Polyb.), this sinister omen occurred on the march from Rome to Arretium, in front of the statue of Iuppiter Stator. Iul. Obseq. relates a similar ill omen in the case of the consul Pansa, equus festinans concidit. For this and other prodigies cf. Coel. 1. c.; Sil. It. 5, 59, &c. super caput, &c. 'threw him over his head': for effundo= èkтpaɣnλizw, cf. 27, 19, f.: so 8, 7, m. excussit equitem: caput here refers to the horse, as in 27, 32, 5, which Plut. Fab. 3 wrongly renders кαтevexeìs Éπì κεφαλήν. 12. rei gen. Cf. 21, 29, 4. moliente, cf. Sil. It. 5, 66 signa etiam affusa certant dum vellere mole: he adds that while the standard-bearer and several others (cf. Coel. 1. c. plures cum accederent) were making the ef 13 fero convelli nequire. Conversus ad nuntium "Num litteras quoque" inquit "ab senatu affers, quae me rem gerere vetent? Abi, nuntia, effodiant signum, si ad convellendum manus prae metu obtorpuerint." 14 Incedere inde agmen coepit, primoribus, superquam quod dissenserant ab consilio, territis etiam duplici prodigio, milite in vulgus laeto ferocia ducis, quum spem magis ipsam quam causam spei intueretur. IV. Battle on the Trasimene Lake (mod. Lago di Perugia), and defeat of the Romans. 1 Hannibal, quod agri est inter Cortonam urbem Trasumennumque lacum, omni clade belli pervastat, fort, blood sprang out of the ground into their faces. 13. litteras: an allusion to the despatches sent to him B.C. 223, cf. 21, 63, 12, though possibly it includes the embassy there mentioned. vetent late MSS., vetant P and most MSS. Heerw. defends the latter as more expressive, and implying that the letter received from the senate, together with its contents, was well known to all. Abi, nuntia: these words recur 49, 10. prae is used with a negative expressed (21, 56, 3 and 9) or implied as here and 5, 13, f. &c.: cf. Rob. 2056. obtorpuerint C, obtorpuerit P, preferred by Heerw., but the pl. is supported by Coel., cited sup. 12: Madv. reads obtorpuerunt. For the fact cf. Sil. It. 5, 90. 14. primoribus, 'the chief officers'. superquam quod, 'besides that', 'not to speak of', cf. 27, 20, f.; 21, 25, 1; infr. 7, 4: so 38, 38, m. extra quam si Gr. Kтòs el μή. consilio, i. e. 'the plan' of Flam. to attack the foe. in vulgus vulgo, 'in general'; cf. infr. 12, 12; 2, 8, in. quum spem, &c., i. e. as the soldiers felt hopeful of success, without reflecting how far these hopes were justified. Pol. 3, 82 states that the consul had inspired his men with such confidence that the majority of them carried chains to bind their captives, rather than arms. 1. Cortonam: this city, which still retains its name, was one of the most important in Etruria, 9, 37, f.: Virg. A. 3, 170 calls it Corythus, connecting its origin with Dardanus. Trasumennumque: this reading is adopted instead of vulg. Trasimenum, as P has transymennum, and 23, 2, 3 trasumennum, also 30, 30, 12; though this MS. elsewhere has thrasymeni and thrasimeni; cf. Ritschl Rh. Mus. 22, 603. Quint. 1, 5, 13 says that many writers prefer the form Tharsomenus to Thrasumenus. There is a like uncertainty in the Greek. Strab. p. 226 has Τρασυμένη: Ρol. 3, 82 Ταρσιμένη |