quo magis iram hosti ad vindicandas sociorum iniurias acuat; et iam pervenerant ad loca nata insidiis, ubi 2 maxime montes Cortonenses Trasumennus subit. Via tantum interest perangusta, velut ad id ipsum de industria relicto spatio; deinde paulo latior patescit campus; inde colles insurgunt. Ibi castra in aperto 3 and in some MSS. Opaoiuévn at the north-west end of the lake Xuvn. The termination -ennus and ending near Passignano in resembles the Etruscan gentile a narrow opening, where the termination in Perpenna, Viven- hills slope towards the lake. na, Porsenna or Porsena, &c. Between these points lies a plain Cf. Momms. 1, 125 (n.); Nieb. of about 4 miles by 2. There is 1, 399. some difficulty in ascertaining the precise place where the battle was fought, especially as the account of Pol. 3, 83 is hard to reconcile with Livy and the nature of the ground at present. Cf. Arn. 3, 106; Bunbury ap. Smith's D. G. Hannibal's camp (infr. 3) being pitched near the mod. village of Tuoro, the cavalry concealed on M. Gualandro and the infantry on the hill near Passignano, the battle was evidently fought near the hill occupied by the camp. A stream Sanguineto, named probably from the slaughter, is shown where it raged most fiercely. pervastat. Cf. 3, 10; 9, 1. hosti, for dat. cf. 21, 53, 2 militibus: some restrict the reference to Flam.; but cf. Pol.1.c. ἐκκαλέσασθαι τὸν θυμὸν τῶν ὑπεναντίων. 2. pervenerant, sc. Poeni: we should have expected the sing. on account of foregoing; but cf. 16,2. On the change of number cf. 24, 22, m. senatus--convocati. This figure Enallage is common in Greek also. nata, 'naturally adapted for', cf. 28, 6; 44, 4; 24, 42, m.; so TEQUкús in Xen. Mem. 4, 1, 2. Nägelsb. 438. maxime...subit, 'comes up very closely to the foot of'=vToppe Strab. p. 688; πроσкλúšει Diod. p. 607: montes C.=mod. Monte Gualandro: Hobhouse, Notes on Byron's Ch. Har. 4, 63, has given a vivid description of the scene from personal observation. Trasumennus: P has in trhasumennum, hence as some MSS. have subeunt Gron. conj. in Trasimenum sidunt; but cf. Curt. 8, 11, 7 radices eius (petrae) Indus subit; L. 21, 7, 10. Via, &c.: this refers to the narrow defile beginning between Monte Gualandro and Borghetto deinde, i.e. near Passignano, Pol. 3. 83 states that on each side of this plain (éπíπedov) there was a continuous range of lofty hills on the right and left, in front of the Romans a mountainpeak (occupied by the enemy) overhanging the plain, which ran in a semicircle round the lake, between which and the rear of the Romans there was only a narrow passage (κarà dè Tỳν ảπ' οὐρᾶς. λίμνην, τελέως στενὴν ἀπόλείπουσαν πάροδον). insurgunt Madv., assurgunt vulg., ad insurgunt P. The form adopted implies a steep, 4 locat, ubi ipse cum Afris modo Hispanisque consideret; Baliares ceteramque levem armaturam post montes circumducit; equites ad ipsas fauces saltus, tumulis apte tegentibus, locat, ut, ubi intrassent Romani, obiecto equitatu clausa omnia lacu ac montibus essent. Flaminius quum pridie solis occasu ad lacum pervenisset, inexplorato postero die vixdum satis certa luce angustiis superatis, postquam in patentiorem campum pandi agmen coepit, id tantum hostium, quod ex adverso erat, conspexit; ab tergo ac super 5 caput deceptae insidiae. Poenus ubi, id quod peti the vulg. a gradual ascent: cf. Tac. A. 2, 16 insurgebat silva. 3. Ibi, i.e. on the woody eminence where the village of Tuoro now stands. in aperto. Hann. showed himself on the open ground' to prevent the foe from suspecting the actual ambuscade, infra 4. Cf. 21, 32, 7. ubi=ut ibi, hence subj. modo =tantum: the heavy infantry, consisting of Africans and Spaniards, were the flower of Hann.'s army. Baliares. Cf. 21, 55, 2. post montes, i.e. behind the hills on the right near Passignano, though Pol. 1. c. says vrò τοὺς ἐν δεξιᾷ βουνούς. fauces, &c. 'the mouth of the defile' refers to the entrance at the west point near M. Gualandro. Pol. includes the Gauls with the cavalry. apte, conveniently', cf. 28, 7. 4. pridie...postero die for the pleonastic expression cf. Suet. Claud. 32 pridie...in diem poste rum. inexplorato, 'without reconnoitring'; so 21, 25, 9: cf. Livy's favourite use of the abl. of perf. part. with sentence for subject, ib. 21, 1; infra 55, 3: similarly in Greek éσayyeλ0évtwv Thuc. 1, 16; Madv. G. S. 181, 4, d. vixdum s. c. l., ' in the morning twilight', 'towards dawn', a common phrase in Livy; so 28, 14, m. superatis. Cf. 12, 35, 1. pandi, to deploy into the plain as it widened', cf. Tac. H. 2, 25: after a pass. we should have expected coeptum est as infra 7; 21, 15, 3; but pandi here=se pandere: cf. use of desisse infra 18, 10. Madv. 161. id hostium, that part of the enemy': for gen. after pron. cf. 38, 13; 3, 62, in. id consilii animique. Madv. 285, b. The allusion is to Afris &c. sup. 3. ex adverso: for abl. cf. 12, 10. ab tergo...insidiae=ins. quae ab t. erantai ab tergo &c. ovσai évédpai. For the brachylogy cf. 8, 1; 21, 8, 5; 21, 62, 5. deceptae P (so Madv.): decepere conj. Lips., sc. eum, fefellere (21, 48, 5), latuere 'escaped his notice': for this use Fab. compares Hor. S. 1, 3, 39. Müll. and Wölff. accept conj. of Hell and Tittler haud dispectae, after Stroth haud erat, clausum lacu ac montibus et circumfusum suis copiis habuit hostem, signum omnibus dat simul invadendi. Qui ubi, qua cuique proximum fuit, decu- 6 currerunt, eo magis Romanis subita atque improvisa res fuit, quod orta ex lacu nebula campo quam montibus densior sederat, agminaque hostium ex pluribus collibus ipsa inter se satis conspecta eoque magis pariter decucurrerant. Romanus clamore prius undi- 7 que orto, quam satis cerneret, se circumventum esse detectae (latter having MS. authority). I would suggest as nearer to P diu celatae. Those 'in the rear' were the equites sup. 3; those 'above his head'Baliares &c. ibid. = 5. Poenus Hannibal. clausum...habuit: this periphrasis, common in Cic., emphasizes the present condition produced by perf. clausit: cf. Cic. Verr. 5, 72; infra 23, 2. So the pass. part. is used as oblique predicate after dare, cf. L. 8, 6 stratas dabo. Cf. Oavμáo as exw Soph. Phil. 1362. 6. nebula: cf. Sil. It. 5, 34 lacus densam caligine caeca Exhalans nebulam, late corruperat omnem Prospectum. campo: for abl. of place without in cf. 43, 10; 59, 15; 21, 8, 7. quam...densior: for the emphatic collocation cf. 25, 15. sederat, had settled': Priscian says that sedi perf. of sedeo is used as perf. of sido, sidi not being in use. Yet Forc. and Rid. and Wh. (who misquote the passage) give it under sedeo, while Schell. Weis. Wfl. take it from sido; cf. Curt. 5, 13, 12 donec consideret pulvis. collibus conj. Lips., vallibus P: the objec tion to the MS. reading is that the Carth. troops had been posted on the hills (cf. sup. 3), to which the verb decucurrerant is more applicable, and moreover if they had been hidden in valleys they could scarcely have been 'mutually visible'. Walk. tries to defend it on the ground that valleys or gorges in the sides of the mountains are meant as in 21, 32, 8; Virg. Ec. 5, 84; but Pol. 1. c.. supports text ¿¿ væepdežíoV KATApepoμévwv: cf. L. 6, 33, f. decurrentium ex superiore loco. inter se, &c. Cf. 21, 39, 9; conspecta conspicabilia, which only occurs in late Lat.; hence Livy frequently uses this part. as a verbal, cf. 30, 29, f. locus conspectus: he uses it in different sense infra 40, 4. Cf. indictus, indomitus, insuperatus. pariter, 'simultaneously', cf. 26, 48, f. decucurrerant P: decucurrerunt vulg. with inf. MSS. 7. Romanus, &c. 'It was the shouting on all sides which told the Romans that they were surrounded, before they could clearly see that such was the fact': prius belongs to sensit not orto, with which we may repeat circumventum esse (so fama is to be repeated 21, 52, 11). Or satis cerneret may be taken absolutely 'they could see distinctly'cf. Ter. Ad. 3, 3, 85; Plaut. Amph. 5, 1, 7. = sensit, et ante in frontem lateraque pugnari coeptum V. The consul's vain exertions. Rout of Romans. 1 Consul, perculsis omnibus, ipse satis, ut in re instrueretur: this has the support of Pol. who says 3, 84, 4 that most of the troops were cut to pieces while in marching order. expediri. Cf. 5, 3; 21, 46, 4. On the march the shield was simply carried suspended to the shoulders (27, 28, s. f.), covered to protect its ornamental surface Caes. G. 2, 21, while the helmets were often hung on the back or front, ibid. 1. Consul. Cf. 4, 4. perculsis, 'panic-struck', like ἐκπεπληγμένος. satis: this seems cold praise for the bravery displayed by Flam. in this battle; but Liv. is more just towards his soldierly qualities 6,2. ut in re t., 'so far as was possible amid the general alarm': for ut used as a limitation cf. 21, 12, 4; ib. 34, 1; 10, 43, f.; but see 26, 8, 2: for res trepida or trepidae dubiae cf. Hor. O. 3, 2, 5. = vertente C, uertentes P: in the latter case quoque etiam; but it seems better to take it as patitur...potest: for pres. in quacunque, sc. parte. adire corr. Gebhard, adiri P, the error being due to the word following. stare...iubet: Liv. constantly omits the subject of infin. after latter verb, cf. 51, 7. 2. nec enim, introducing a speech. Cf. 31, 30, in. neque id &c. votis, 'prayers'. Cf. Virg. A. 3, 261; Plin. Ep. 10, 90; but see sup. 1, 6: the same double sense is found in eux. vi...virtute. Cf. 21, 41, 17. ferro v. f. Cf. 50, 9; Virg. A. 2, 494. periculi: the same thought, as Wölf. remarks, occurs in Sall. I. 87-fortissimum quemque tutissimum. 3. consilium, 'his advice', cor to to re imperium accipi poterat, tantumque aberat, ut sua signa atque ordines et locum noscerent, ut vix ad arma capienda aptandaque pugnae competeret animus, opprimerenturque quidam onerati magis iis quam tecti. Et erat in tanta caligine maior usus aurium quam oculorum. Ad gemitus vulnerum ictus- 4 que corporum aut armorum et mixtos strepentium paventiumque clamores circumferebant ora oculosque. Alii fugientes pugnantium globo illati haere- 5 bant; alios redeuntes in pugnam avertebat fugienresponding to adhortatur, as imperium to iubet. noscerent late MSS., nosceret vulg. after P. capienda. Cf. 4, 7. aptanda. Cf. 19, 10. competeret animus, 'they had presence of mind'-(cf. 27, 50, in. compotes mentium); Tac. A. 3, 46; ib. H. 3, 73. opprimerentur: this may be rendered 'were weighed down', as Cic. Rosc. Am. 4, 10 opprimi onere, or 'were surprised' by the enemy, as L. 26, 12 ut incautos oppresserit. quidam nonnulli, an incorrect application common in Livy. Cf. 17, 4 and 7; 51, 6, 7 and 8 &c. onerati. See 21, 58, 8 for a similar thought. iis Madv., his vulg. after P. caligine, 'mist', cf. 6, 8; 29, 27, m. тел = 4. Ad gemitus v., ' at the groans of the wounded': vulnerum = objective gen., i.e. groans arising from wounds: for vulnera=vulnerati cf. 21, 29, 3. Rup. strangely explains gem. vuln. the sound of weapons inflicting wounds, comparing Ov. M. 12, 487: for vulnustelum he quotes Sil. 1, 397-he might have also cited Virg. 10, 140. He suggests, however, vulneratorum, accepted by Madv. Weis. Wfl.: but reading of P is retained by Luterb. Fab. and Hwg. &c. mixtos strepentium, &c. 'the confused shouts of triumph and alarm', the former referring to the Carthaginians, the latter to the Romans. Heusinger conj. terrentium, adopted by Weis. and others: cf. 21, 17, 5; ib. 25, 13; 5, 21, 11: for pres. part. =subst. cf. 1, 8, 5. Nägelsb. 102. ora, 'faces', pleonastic; but for juxtaposition cf. Virg. A. 7, 250 -1: on circ. oc. cf. 21, 44, 1. For part. = subst. cf. infr. and 1, 8, 5. 5. fugientes qui fugiebant, imperf. of attempt; cf. instruit sup. 1. globo 'a knot', 'dense mass': see 10, 29, 2: for dat. after illati cf. infr. 8; 17, 6; 21, 10, 10. |