6 tium agmen. Deinde, ubi in omnes partes nequicquam impetus capti, et ab lateribus montes ac lacus, a fronte et ab tergo hostium acies claudebat, apparuitque, nullam nisi in dextera ferroque salutis spem esse, tum sibi quisque dux adhortatorque factus ad rem gerendam et nova de integro exorta pugna est, 7 non illa ordinata per principes hastatosque ac triarios, nec ut pro signis antesignani, post signa alia pugnaret acies, nec ut in sua legione miles aut cohorte aut 8 manipulo esset; fors conglobabat et animus suus Chance 6. impetus capti, 'charges 1, 453. were attempted'. Cf. 8, 30, in.; 3, 5, in.; 5, 38, in.; infr. 6, 4: so eruptione ib. 8. ab lateribus: the Romans therefore must have turned from Tuoro (4, 4 and 7) and faced about towards Passignano, intending to force their way through the pass; but cf. Pol. 3, 83, 1. claudebat, 'shut them in', without object, as 21, 43, 4: for imperf.à continuing state cf. 6, 7; 21, 12, 4. tum, emphatic, introducing principal proposition, cf. 6, 9; 21, 11, 8. adhortatorque. Cf. 21, 11, 7. nova de in.: for pleonasm cf. 21, 11, 5; 37, 19, 5 instauremus novum de integro bellum. 7. non illa, &c. 'not the wellknown order of battle arranged according to &c. per principes, &c.: Duker would read per hast. prin. q.: though Vegetius Mil. 1, 20 asserts that the principes originally occupied the front line, yet from B.c. 340 the Hastati formed the van, cf. 8, 8, 3; 30, 8, in.: we must therefore suppose that Livy is here inaccurate or is making a loose enumeration of the constituent parts of the legion. For the manipular legion cf. Momms. nec ut, i.e. nec ita ordinata ut, cf. 43, 4. · antesignani, the vanguard', consisting of the hastati and principes, who stood in front of the manipular standards, while the triarii (here=alia acies) were posted behind them, in charge of the eagle'. But from L. 8, 11 caesos hastatos principesque, stragem et ante signa et post signa factam, triarios postremo rem restituisse it would appear that formerly the hastati alone antesignani. alia cetera, cf. 21, 27, 6. cohorte although it was not till the time of Marius B.c. 105 that the cohort, instead of the maniple, became the tactical unit, yet Liv. 2, 11, s. f. refers to it as existing B.C. 506, and Cincius circ. B. C. 209 states that the legion was divided into 10 cohorts, 30 maniples, and 60 centuries: so Cato (ap. Peter p. 92) circ. B.C. 201 has unamquamque turmam, manipulum, cohortem temptabam. 8. fors: sors was reading before Gron.; but cf. Sall. I. 97, 4. conglobabat, 'massed them together': vulg. after P reads conglobat...dat. animus, 'impulse', C. and B.: cuique ante aut post pugnandi ordinem dabat, tantusque fuit ardor animorum, adeo intentus pugnae [animus], ut eum motum terrae, qui multarum urbium Italiae magnas partes prostravit avertitque cursu rapidos amnes, mare fluminibus invexit, montes lapsu ingenti proruit, nemo pugnantium senserit. leveled VI. Death of Flaminius and defeat of the Roman army. Tres ferme horas pugnatum est et ubique atro- 1 or perhaps 'courage', as in parallel passage from Tac. H. 2, 41 ut cuique audacia vel formido, in primam postremamve aciem prorumpebant aut relabebantur. ante...post, sc. signa: for adverbial use cf. 21, 34, 5. = animorum. So all MSS. except one, which has armorum, adopted by vulg. since time of Gron. eagerness for battle, cf. Cic. Marc. 8, 24 in tanto animorum ardore et armorum, which equally supports text, for which we may compare L. 44, 36, 3; 4, 47, in.; the chief objection to this is animus preceding and following so closely; but Madv. rejects the last, cf. Oros. 4, 15 cum ita intentus pugnantium ardor exstiterit (he is referring to the earthquake). motum terrae (cf. Ital. terremuoto, Fr. tremblement de terre): Coelius (ap. Peter p. 152) states that there were at this time earthquakes in Liguria, Gaul, many islands, and throughout Italy, destroying many towns and causing a subsidence of the ground in several places. This earthquake is attested by Zon. 8, 25; Plut. Fab. 3; Plin. 2, 200; Flor. 2, 6; Sil. 5, 611: cf. Ov. F. 6, 765. avertitque cursu, 'diverted from their channels'. Cf. Zon. 1. c. ποταμοὶ τῆς ἀρχαίας ἐξόδου ἀποκλεισθέντες ἄλλην ἐτράποντο : Coelius 1. c. represents them as flowing backwards ut flumina in contrarias partes fluxerint. rapidos P, vulg. with inferior MSS. rapido, which Drak. regards as abl. of quality after amnes, cf. 41, 11, in.; L. 5, 47 saxum aequo ascensu. invexit-for dat. instead of in with acc. (1, 48, 5) cf. 23, 47, f. Tauream portae invectum; but cf. Coel. 1. c. ut in amnes mare influxerit. senserit, cf. 21, 2, 6. Ovid 1. c. gives June 23 as date for this battle, i.e. about April 15 of reformed calendar. Peter pp. 226-8 has some excellent remarks on the discrepancies of Polybius and Livy respecting the locality. He says that where Livy deserts Pol. he clearly follows an authority well acquainted with the scene of the conflict, adding that when he himself visited the spot the country people confidently af firmed that the battle was fought on the ground described by Livy. 1. Tres...horas-Liv. borrows f citer; circa consulem tamen acrior infestiorque pugna 2 est. Eum et robora virorum sequebantur, et ipse, quacunque in parte premi aç laborare senserat suos, impigre ferebat opem, insignemque armis et hostes 3 summa vi petebant et tuebantur cives, donec Insuber eques (Ducario nomen erat), facie quoque noscitans consulem, "En" inquit "hic est" popularibus suis, "qui legiones nostras cecidit agrosque et urbem est depopulatus; iam ego hanc victimam manibus 4 peremptorum foede civium dabo." Subditisque calcaribus equo per confertissimam hostium turbam im-petum facit, obtruncatoque prius armigero, qui se this from Coelius 1. c. tribus iis horis concisus exercitus. est-late MSS. give erat which Bauer prefers. 2. Eum- though belonging only to first sentence the pron. is placed first for the sake of emphasis: strictly we should have expected et hostes p. to correspond to et robora s. Cf. 21, 15, 4 ad quos et...et qui. robora virorum, 'the flower of his troops', cf. 21, 54, 3. The first body-guard according to Festus was the cohors praetoria of Scipio Africanus. Cf. Sall. C. 60, 5; but cf. L. 2, 20, 5; cf. satellites 2, 12, m. premi, &c. hard pressed and distressed', a metaphor from oxen under the yoke. Caes. G. 7,67 also combines these verbs. Cf. 33, 5 bellum in cervicibus. 3. Insuber. Flam. had defeated the Insubres B.C. 223. Ducario dat., sc. illi; cf. 1, 34, 4. Ducarius only occurs here and in Sil. 5, 645: Pol. 3, 84 says that F. was slain by certain Gauls. quoque, i.e. not merely by his armour. noscitans, Liv. is fond of this annow been frequentative, cf. 26, 41, f. noscitatis; cf. infr. 54, 8; 21,1, 3. consulem, En (Weiss.): vulg. after Gron. Consul, en, instead of consulem (inquit) of MSS. Cf. 9, 34, 1. Join inquit popularibus; cf. 1, 32, 11. legiones. Liv. again applies this Roman term to the Gallic armies 38, 17, m.: cf. infr. 39, 5; 21, 3, 1 praetorium. For the subject cf. 3, 4; 21, 63, 2. urbem. It is not clear what city is meant: Mediolanum (Milan) was the capital of the Insubres; but it was captured by Marcellus and Scipio B.c. 222. iam ego, &c.: a repetition of 4, 19, 3 iam ego hanc mactatam victimam legatorum manibus dabo. hanc v. hunc pro victima, cf. 21, 10, 12. civium, 'my countrymen', but with reference to urbem: civis usually a Roman; but cf. Ter. And. 1, 3, 16. 4. armigero. Greek and Roman generals from the earliest times employed officers to carry their shield, helmet, or spear. Thus Patroclus was armour-bearer to Achilles, Achates to Aeneas, So lancea infesto venienti obviam obiecerat, consulem, lar transfixit; spoliare cupientem triarii obiectis scutis arcuere. Magnae partis fuga inde primum coepit; 5 et iam nec lacus nec montes pavori obstabant; per omnia te arta velut caeci evadunt, armaque et viri super alium alii praecipitantur. Pars 6 magna, ubi locus fugae deest, per prima vada paludis in aquam progressi, quoad capitibus umerisve exstare possunt, sese immergunt; fuere, quos incon Onesilus of Salamis had his TaσTIOтás Herod. 5, 111. We may compare in mediaeval history the squire or esquire (=ecuyer, fr. écuscutum) attendant on the knight. infesto, 'lance in rest': note adj. for adv.; cf. 7, 13 maestam sedentem; 21, 55, 3. This construction is more frequent in poetry, cf. Hor. S. 1, 6, 128 domesticus otior; ib. O. 1, 19, 16. Nägelsb. 260. obviam ob.: for repetition cf. infr. 7 retro repetebant. lancea (conn. with Móyxn or Germ. lang): this weapon, common to Gauls (10, 26, 11) and Germans, was not used by Romans till much later. Cf. Tac. H. 1, 79. triarii robora v. § 2. The Triarii, originally called Pilani, derived their name from standing in the third line, the Hastati and Principes standing before them (cf. 5, 7), though Niebuhr maintains that they were so called as being a picked corps from each of the three heavy-armed classes. For the three distinct legionary systems: (1) phalangitic under Serv. Tullius, (2) manipular—Latin War, (3) cohortarrangement under Marius, cf. Momms. 1, 98; ib. 453; 3, 202: also Livy's important chap. 8, bk. 8. arcuere, 'hindered him', 'kept him off'; but cf. 23, 45, 8 where Hann. says that a soldier of his had dragged Flam. off his horse and cut off his head. 5. Magnae partis op. sex milia infr. 8. omnia='nothing but'; cf. 39, 13; 21, 32, 9; ib. 35, 7. evadunt, they try to escape'; cf. infr. 8; 49, 9. Cf. use of Telow Soph. O. C. 1442. Endeavour, or attempt, is more usually expressed by imperf.; cf. 21, 52, 2. alium alii P. H. Müll. reads for first alios: Riemann for second alius, either of which is more grammatical. Cf. 7, 8; 21, 35, 12. praecipitantur. Cf. 21, 25, 9. 6. Pars....progressi, cf. 21, 27, 9. prima, 'at the edge of the lake', predicative: cf. 21, 5, 9 prima quies. quoad, &c. 'so far as to be able to keep head and shoulders above water'; cf. 2, 25, m. umerisve Weiss, P umeribus, C umeris, vulg. and Madv. with late MSS. humerisque. For spelling cf. Munro Lucr. 35; 1, 307: Peile Et. 324. sese immergunt, 'plunge in': C. and B. translate 'drowned them ме sultus pavor hando etiam capessere fugam impulerit; 7 quae ubi immensa ac sine spe erat, aut deficientibus animis hauriebantur gurgitibus aut nequicquam fessi vada retro aegerrime repetebant, atque ibi ab ingressis aquam hostium equitibus passim trucida8 bantur. Sex milia ferme primi agminis, per adversos hostes eruptione impigre facta, ignari omnium, quae post se agerentur, ex saltu evasere, et quum in tu-si f mulo quodam constitissent, clamorem modo ac sonum armorum audientes, quae fortuna pugnae esset, ne9 que scire nec perspicere prae caligine poterant. Incli denique re, quum incalescente sole dispulsa nebula aperuisset diem, tum liquida iam luce montes selves'; but Pol. 3, 84 says Tàs κεφαλὰς αὐτὰς ὑπὲρ τὸ ὑγρὸν ὑπερίσχον. fuere, quos... impulerit: after sunt qui eoTiv of Liv. uses subj., not indic., which is rare in classical prose; but cf. Sall. C. 19. capessere: we should have expected ut capesseret, but Liv. is fond of such poetical constructions, cf. 21, 39, 10; ib. 41, 9. For capessere fugam cf. 1, 25, 7. 7. quae ubi, &c. 'but when this (flight) seemed endless and hopeless'; the lake being 10 miles long and 8 broad they could not see the other side. The two islands are apparently unknown to Livy. animis, 'courage', cf. 26, 1. Luterb. is wrong in taking it =anima, 'breath'; cf. 21, 58, 4. gurgitibus: see 21, 5, 14. aut Gron., haud P. retro rep.: for pleonasm cf. sup. 4; 25, 27, f. trucidabantur. Pol. 1. c. adds τινὲς δὲ παρακαλέσαντες αὑτοὺς διεφθάρησαν. 8. Sex milia, cf. 21, 56, 2: for ignari after milia cf. ib. 21, 13 eosdem. eruptione-so 21, 56, 4. ex saltu, i.e. the defile near Passignano, where the Baliaric slingers &c. offered less resistance: cf. 4, 3. Pol. 3, 84 says that in the defile, κarà Tòv avλŵva, 15000 Romans fell; cf. 7, 2. perspicere, 'to see clearly', or 'to see through', as 41, 22, in. ut prae densitate arborum...perspici caelum vix posset: one MS. gives prospicere to see from a distance or from higher ground, cf. 21, 35, 8, adopted by Drak. : conspicere to see from close observation: for distinction cf, 10, 32, 6; but cf. infr. 10. 9. Inclinata (sc. in fugam, cf. denique J. Gron., adinique P. |