nuntiatur clades, quattuor milia equitum cum C. Centenio propraetore missa ad collegam ab Servilio consule in Umbria, quo post pugnam ad Trasumennum auditam averterant iter, ab Hannibale circum2 venta. Eius rei fama varie homines affecit. Pars, occupatis maiore aegritudine animis, levem ex comparatione priorum ducere recentem equitum iactu3 ram; pars non id, quod acciderat, per se aestimare, sed, ut in affecto corpore quamvis levis causa magis quattuor m. App. H. 9 says 8000; but this rather refers to Liv. 25, 19. Pol. 1. c. says that one half of these were slain, the rest taken prisoners. The cavalry as here given seems disproportionate for a consular army of two legions, but was doubtless raised as an extraordinary levy to meet the emergency; cf. 21, 47, 1. Sempronius had the same number, ib. 55, 6. cum C. Cent., 'under the command of C. Centenius', cf. 21, 47, 6. He was not one of the Praetors of B.C. 218 (cf. 25, 18; 33, 7; 21, 49, 6; ib. 62, 10), but probably one of Servilius' legates, who received the title of Propraetor on obtaining his command. Nep. Hann. 4 calls him Praetor (but cf. 7, 14); so Zon. 8, 24 σтраτnyós: App. 1. c. calls him idiúrns, and confounds him with M. Cent. Penula. In like manner L. Scipio is styled Propraetor (L. 10, 25, m.), though he had not previously held the Praetorship: Flaminius (29, 6, m.) was probably another in stance. in Umbria, join with circumventa. Servilius, on learning the danger of Flaminius, sent the cavalry to his assistance, intending to join him himself (as appears from 9, 6; cf. 6, 8), march ing by the Flaminian Way, 11, 5, from which near Fulginium a road passed through Perusia to Arretium. Cf. 4, 4. It is not actually stated that Servilius had left Rome (2, 1) to proceed to Ariminum (21, 63, 15), as asserted by Pol. 3, 77, 2, and App. H. 8, though it is here implied. post...auditam. Cf. 21, 49, 3. ad Trasumennum. Cf. 21, 57, 11. averterant iter, they had turned aside'; cf. 9, 3; 21, 23, 4. Hannibale. Pol. 3, 86, 4 attributes this to Maharbal (cf. 6, 11). circumventa; cf. 21,36, 1. App. H. 9 relates that Centenius was sent from Rome with 8000 men to occupy a pass in Umbria (Nep. H. 4 saltus occupantem) near the Xíμvŋ IIλecorivη. Cf. Zon. 8, 25. This Umbrian lake no longer exists, though traces of the name have been found. 2. affecit. Cf. infr. 3; 21, 11, 13; see ib. 39, 2. ducere infinitivus historicus, representing imperf. indic., frequent in Liv.; cf. 29, 5; 21, 4, 2: Madv. 392. 3. sed, sc. existimare or dicere from preceding (as 21, 16, 3; ib. 35, 9), hence sentiretur and aestimandum esse. in affecto, &c. Fabius makes use of a similar reflection in Dio quam in valido gravior sentiretur, ita tum aegrae et 4 affectae civitati quodcunque adversi inciderit, non rerum magnitudine, sed viribus extenuatis, quae nihil, quod aggravaret, pati possent, aestimandum esse. Itaque ad remedium iam diu neque desideratum 5 nec adhibitum, dictatorem dicendum, civitas con Cass. 57, 10 rois μèv yàp ȧкepalois πράγμασι καὶ τὰ δεινότατα ῥᾳδίως πολλάκις τοὺς ἀνθρώπους ὑφίστασθαι, τοὺς δὲ προκεκμηκότας καὶ τὰ βραχύτατα κακοῦν ἔλεγεν. = quamvis (= quantumvis) l., 'however insignificant', cf. 50, 9; 21, 36, 4; 1, 4, 4: Rob. 1627. causa morbus, cf. 30, 44, m.; Cic. Har. Resp. 18, 39 corpus tenuissima de causa conficitur; Tibull. 1, 8, 51 (Dissen): Stroth compares Gk. περίστασις. in valido, so Drak., ualitudo P. Fab. defends vulg. (which omits prep.) by 4, 58, p. in., cf. 21, 28, 8; but the prep. is more usually repeated after quam, cf. 15, 1; 21, 5, 3. = 4. tum, 'now', often used nunc in oratio obl., cf. 21, 22, 4; ib. 35, 9; but, on the other hand, infr. 38, 9. inciderit P. Madv. with Ingerslev reads incideret: the perf. subj. here implies an actual result, and aestimandum esse here-historical present, cf. Heerwagen. extenuatis, cf. 21, 62, 5; for part. cf. 34, 2; 21, 16, 2. Similarly attenuari vires 25, 11, 3. aggravaret, 'pressed heavily upon it', or 'increased its burden'. Cf. 4, 12, in. however had been selected for various ceremonies, or to hold the elections, i.e. comitiorum habendorum causa, like Fabius himself, cf. 9, 7; 33, 11. Becker Röm. Alterth. 178 observes that, with one exception, the Dictator was only appointed when the Romans had to carry on war in Italy itself this restriction being adopted, lest the great power, which was conferred, might be abused, when its holder might be far from Roman restraint. M. Junius Pera, 57, 9, was the last on whom the same power was conferred. dictatorem dicendum: note omission of ad, like 21, 4, 3; 1, 56, 2: Nägelsb. L. S. 115. The title dictator ('commander') was borrowed from Latium, the old Roman name being magister populi or praetor maximus. As the representative of the kings he was assigned a magister equitum, but unlike the regal authority his was limited to six months, 3, 29, f., and he could not nominate his successor. On his absolute power, from which was no appeal, cf. 2, 18, m. (where the first dictator T. Lartius B.c. 501 is mentioned); 8, 34, 2. The nomination of a dictator was regularly made by a consul (4, 31, 4), when authorized by a senatus consultum, having taken the auspices after midnight and before sunrise, 8, 23, f. (The technical term for 'to nominate' 5. nec adhibitum. No dictator for actual service, i.e.rei gerundae or interregni causa, had been appointed since A. Atilius Calatinus B.C. 249 (the first dictator who commanded an army beyond Italy, Epit. 19, in.). Several a dictator = dicere, sometimes 6 fugit; et quia et consul aberat, a quo uno dici posse videbatur, nec per occupatam armis Punicis Italiam facile erat aut nuntium aut litteras mitti, nec dictatorem populus creare poterat, quod nunquam ante eam diem factum erat, dictatorem out the passage as a gloss. Madv. Emend. Liv. 238 boldly inserts (after populo) non consulto senatus. Weiss. Wfl. Luterb. adopt praetor for populo. In the MSS. there is often a confusion betwen p. r. creare, or facere.) If the due rites were not observed, the dictator had to resign, cf. 34, 10. He could not be nominated outside the Ager Romanus, i.e. Italy, 27, 5, m. We may infer that the dictator was unfettered by the pop. Rom. and pr.=praetor. tribunician intercessio, though the tribunes still held office, while even the consuls had to submit to his orders, 11, 5-6; 31, 7. After the battle of Cannae we find two dictators existing together, 23, 22, 11. After the second Punic Warthedictatorship ceased, till revived in the persons of Sulla and Caesar. It was abolished by Antonius, Epit. 119, f.; Cic. Phil. 1, 1, f. Cf. Momms. 1, 262, 352 (n.). Ihne, Early Rome 102, thinks that as the dictators, under the name of masters of the people or chief praetors, existed in regal Rome, they were the officers commanding the army under the sacerdotal kings. Italiam, i.e. between Rome and Ariminum, from which Servilius was advancing. litteras, sc. ad consulem. nec dictatorem populus (P2) (populo P1) creare poterat. I have retained the vulg. after P (with Fab. and Hwg.), though with hesitation. Harant keeps the MS. reading without alteration, translating and as consequently the consul could not name a dictator to the people'. Th. Momms. C. I. L. 288 (so Müller) strikes Though we find the praetor acting as the consul's representative (9, 11; 33, 9), yet we do not find him nominating a dictator, until this was done in the case of Caesar, which Cic. Att. 9, 15, 2 calls illegal. Plut. Marc. 24, 9 indeed says τῶν ὑπάτων τις ἢ τῶν στρατηyou Xeye diктáторa: but probably in this case the praetor was merely the instrument of the people, and not independent, like the consul. An exceptional election occurs 4, 31, m. 6. eam late MS. eum: dies fem. sing. properly=an appointed day (33, 9), but sometimes without such restriction. Cf. 22, 11. dictatorem vulg.prodictatorem -cf. 31, 10. This word, not elsewhere found, is formed on the analogy of proconsul and propraetor (sup. 1), though we should rather read prodictatore, cf. C. Prov. 7, 17. The chief objections to this are (1) that Fabius is called dictator up to 31, 10: cf. 9, 7; so Pol. 3, 87; Corp. I. L. 1, 288, 435; and Fasti Consulares: (2) that Minucius is not called promagister equitum (he held equal rank, çf. 25, 10). If praetor be read, quod...erat will refer to what follows. populus creavit Q. Fabium Maximum et magistrum equitum M. Minucium Rufum; hisque negotium ab 7 senatu datum, ut muros turresque urbis firmarent et praesidia disponerent, quibus locis videretur, pontesque rescinderent fluminum: pro urbe ac penatibus dimicandum esse, quando Italiam tueri nequissent. populus, i.e. the Comitia centuriata, under presidency of the praetor urbanus probably, cf. 27, 5, 16. Q. Fab. Max. He had three agnomina, i.e. Verrucosus, from a wart (verruca) on the upper lip; Ovicula, 'the Lamb', from his temper (Aur. Vict. De Vir. Ill.); and Cunctator, 'the Lingerer', from his cautious military operations. Liv. 9, 46, f. says that the great-grandfather of the dictator earned the cognomen Maximus from his political services; but Pol. 3, 87 and Virg. A. 6, 846 give it to the hero of this war, and Liv. 30, 26, m. is doubt ful. In this chap. Liv. refers to the words of Ennius An. 9, 8 Unus homo nobis cunctando restituit rem (cf. Thackeray Anth. Lat. 14). Cf. Cic. Off. 1, 24, f.; ib. Rep. 1, 1 bellum Punicum secundum enervavit. Liv. 21, 18, 3; infr. chaps. 9-12, 14-18, 23-26, 28-31, 39, 55; Sil. 7, 1 and passim; Sall. J. 4, 5; Eutrop. 3, 9. Fabius was consul B.C. 233, with M'. Pomponius Matho, censor B.C. 230, consul again B.C. 228, when he concluded a treaty with Hasdrubal, and also in B. c. 215, 214, 209. He died before the end of the war B. C. 203. M. Minucium. The dictator represented the aristocracy, the master of the horse the popular party. The latter was consul B.C. 221. Cf. infr. 12-30, 49. The magister equitum was regularly chosen by the dictator (27, 5, f.), though occasionally by the Senate, 57, 9, and had to resign along with his superior officer, on both of whom the imperium was conferred by a lex curiata. The title was derived from the fact that he was supposed to command the cavalry, while the dictator led the legionary infantry, like the magister equitum (not the tribunus celerum) under the kings. Cf. Momms. 1, 78 (n.), 79. In the absence of the dictator he acted as his substitute, but was subject to his authority, to which we find the exception 25, 10. 7. muros. The Romans expected Hann. to attack the city; but his object was first of all to win over their allies, cf. 7, 5; hence his march to Apulia, which the Romans attributed to divine interposition, App. H. 12. fluminum, i.e. Tiber, Anio, Liris, &c. pro urbe ac penatibus, conj. Alsch., ac paenatibus p. u. P, and three best MSS. Gron. ad penates p. u. (so vulg.). Cf. 28, 18, in. sub uno tecto...atque ad eosdem penates; 21, 46, 6; for text cf. 3, 10. Sigon. accepts ac cum Poenis p. u. of old edd. dimicandum esse, sc. senatores dicebant from negotium...datum. quando quandoquidem. 1 IX. Hannibal attacks Spoletum, but is repulsed. He advances to Apulia. Fabius persuades the Senate to have the Sibylline books consulted. Hannibal recto itinere per Umbriam usque ad 2 Spoletium venit. Inde, quum perpopulato agro urbem oppugnare adortus esset, cum magna caede suorum repulsus, coniectans ex unius coloniae haud nimis. prospere tentatae viribus, quanta moles Romanae 3 urbis esset, in agrum Picenum avertit iter, non copia solum omnis generis frugum abundantem, sed refertum praeda, quam effuse avidi atque egentes 4 rapiebant. Ibi per dies aliquot stativa habita, re 1. recto itinere, i.e. towards Rome, past Perusia, along the Flaminian Way. Spoletium P and two of best MSS., Spoletum vulg. (mod. Spoleto). A Roman colony was planted here в.C. 240. Epit. 20, in. Cf. 24, 10, s. f.: 45, 43, f. The Porta d'Annibale is still shown, where H. was repulsed. It was famous for its goldencoloured wine. Mart. 13, 120; Athen. 1, 48, 27. 2. perpopulato: cf. 3, 10 (so percurare 21, 57, 9, perportare, perpacare). Cic. Phil. 5, 9, 25 states that Hann. refrained from devastation and slaughter out of a regard for his own interests. oppugnare. Cf. 3, 7; 21, 17, 9; ib. 57, 9. adortus: a late MS. has adorsus from adordior. unius op. the other towns which had surrendered. Zon. 8, 25. nimis late MSS., P and minue, M minus: the latter unsatisfactory reading is adopted by Luterb. who compares 52, 4 and 26, 4: Pauly prefers satis, cf. 1, 32, 2: Madv. with his usual daring reads maximae minime. moles,' size and power of resistance'. Cf. 1, 9, 5; 21, 22, 9; Virg. A. 1, 33. Romanae u. Cf. 32, 5; 21, 35, 9. 3. Picenum, usually subst. Cf. 21, 62, 5; but cf. 23, 14, 3. avertit i., with reference to recto sup. 1; cf. 8, 1; 21, 23, 4. non ... solum, sed (etiam). Cf. 20, 7; 21, 43, 15. omnis g. depends on frugum, cf. 21, 12, 8. effuse, eagerly', 'without restraint' (=effrenate), to be joined with verb; cf. 34, 16, m. effusius praedati sunt. avidi...egentes, sc. Poeni, understood from Hannibal sup. 1. Walk. here makes a strange mistake, thinking that there is a contradiction in saying that the country abounded in produce, while the inhabitants were in want! 4. stativa. Cf. 1, 57, 4. Liv. omits to mention that Hann. now supplied his African |