v. eamque s. P. H. Müll. adopts Haupt's conj. esse for que Weiss. stet, ut v., eamque s. servaverit (sc. Iuppiter). Vulg. after ed. 1518 reads s. v. eam., salva servata erit (last two words corr. of Ursinus for seruauerit of P). Riem. and B. follow Weiss., but read steterit, sicut. Madv. reads (for eamque) voveamque, salva s.

duellis bellis: for the loss of the initial mute and change to b cf. bis duis, Duellona = Bellona, duonus bonus (Scipio's Epit. 1. 4). From duellum through Ital. duello comes our 'duel'. Cf. 1, 32, 12.

quod duellum...sunt: Lips. and Gron. transferred these words from their place in the MSS., i.e. after following Quiritium (as in vulg. preferred by Weiss. as an archaic formula, cf. Corp. Ins. L. 3, 1933).

quod duellum: for repetition of subst. cf. 21, 17, 4: on the position of the relative cf. 9, 7; 21, 5, 1.

3. tum (Madv.) in apodosis, after conditional sentence, cf. 53, 11; 21, 11, 8: vulg. after P=datum, which may be taken as subst. Cf. Cic. Cluent. 24, 66 donis, datis muneribusque perfecerat; for synonyms cf. infr. 6: Gron. makes it part. agreeing with donum, i.e. now 'given' in

intention, by the vow. Harant conj. servaverint di, tum &c. Perh. Liv. wrote debitum.

duit det; for this archaic subj. form chiefly found in old formulas, prayers, and imprecations, cf. Cic. R. Deiot. 7, 21 di te perduint (so sim, velim, nolim, malim, edim): for another old formula cf. 10, 19, 17. Here we have other archaisms, faxit § 4, faxitur § 6, clepsit § 5.

ver, defined 34, 44, in. inter Kal. Mart. et pridie Kal. Maias. bovillo Sigon., nouillo P.

profana, 'not already dedicated to some other God', 'unconsecrated'; cf. infr. 5.

fieri, sc. sacra (1, 31, 3) = sacrificari, cf. infr. 5-6; 10, 42, f.; Cic. Att. 1, 12, 3; Juv. 9, 117: so operor Hor. O. 3, 14, 6, like Gr. péšw, pow. The infin. is explanatory of donum duit, involving the notion of a promise.

ex qua die, 'on and after the day' which the S. P. Q. R. shall appoint: cf. sup. 2: for gender of dies cf. 8, 6.

4. faciet, sc. Iovi.

quando, i.e. after the time has been fixed.

quaque lege, 'in what manner', or according to what rite'; cf. 1, 26, 6. fuxit cf. 36, 2, Praef. 1.

=

fecerit (fut. perf.), 5: also form ausim For other archaisms

Eiusdem rei causa

betur; but iussitur iusso (Virg. A. 11, 467) faxitur: faxo].

eo, &c. 'the people shall be acquitted and free from this', viz. the obligation to sacrifice: for the Asyndeton cf. sup. 2; 37, 12; 21, 15, 4.

7. Eiusdem refers to § 2; cf. 9, 9.

ludi m. Cf. 9, 10.

aeris, sc. assium, 'at a cost of 300 &c. asses'. The as libralis or aes grave = 12 ounces of copper, or bronze, was reduced first to 10 ounces, in B.C. 269 to 4 ounces, in B.C. 264-241 to 2 ounces, and in the Dictatorship of Fabius B.C. 217 to 1 ounce. But as the old standard was maintained for military pay and other purposes (4, 60, m.; 32, 26, m.) it is probable that for religious offerings it was still in force. If therefore we calculate the aes grave = 1 sestertius (Hultsch, Metrol. 195; Momms. Römisch. Müntzwes. 302) the cost of these games was about £2777.

trecentis: the number three and its multiples were regarded as sacred by the Romans, cf. 1, 15; 21, 62, 6; 27, 37, 7; Virg. A. 1, 265-6-9-72; ib. 4, 510; Hor. O. 1, 28, 36; ib. 2, 14, 5; ib. Ep. 1, 1, 37. For the 'perfection'

and 'potency' of the number cf. Schol. Theoc. 2, 43; according to Pythagoras this mystic number limited the universe, Arist. Cael. 1, 1 Tò Tâν Kai Tà Táνтa τοῖς τρίσιν ὥρισται...καὶ πρὸς τὰς ἁγιστείας τῶν θεῶν χρώμεθα τῷ άpilμ тоÚTY. The Jews also attached a mystic value to this number as well as to seven.

trecentis tr. trib., wanting in MSS., inserted by Scaliger after Plut. Fab. 4.

Iovi, sc. fieri votum est: for abl. of victim cf. Virg. Ec.3, 77; sup.3. 8. edicta, sc. a M. Aemilio 9, 11; 21, 62, 9.

-que iere cum is the acute emend. of Gron. for quiregum of P.

multitudo, 'population'; for iere cf. 24, 3, f. multitudo abeunt: Liv. often has plur. after this noun.

quos, &c. 'who, being possessed of some private means, were also interested in the welfare of the state': for in=propter cf. 24, 14; 21, 39, 3 on fortuna cf. 1, 56, 7.

publica. Gron. contrary to MSS. reads publicae (so vulg.); but cf. infr. 33, 6.

9. decemviris. Cf. sup. 1, 16-17, 19; 9, 8; 21, 62, 6. Ch. and B. somewhat quaintly translate "ecclesiastical commission

ers". This priestly college was constituted B.C. 367, half the members being plebeians. Cf. Virg. A. 6, 73.

pulvinaria. Cf. 21, 62, 9.

in conspectu, &c. 'were publicly prepared'; as this involves the notion strata sunt, the dat. Iovi &c. follows.

Minervae. This goddess in Roman mythology is regularly conjoined with Iuppiter and Iuno, and their united temple stood on the Capitol; but in accordance with the Sibylline books and Greek mythology, she is joined with Poseidon: cf. Keightley Myth. pp. 78, 455. The Greek deities here enumerated were no doubt introduced into Italy as early as the regal period through the medium of these books, and were associated with the gods of Latium, Etruria, and the Sabellian race. For the twelve Olympic gods, six male and six female, cf. Schol. Apoll. Rhod. 2, 532.

To a Roman mind there was a special fitness in associating Mars and Venus, as connected with the foundation of the city: cf. Liv. 1, 1, 8; ib. 4, 2.

10. V. Erucinae: for Venus and Mars cf. 9, 10.

fatalibus. Cf. 9, 8.

editum Bâle ed. 1535: edictum P and most MSS.; but cf. 21, 62, 7: these two words, as Heerw. remarks, are frequently confused in MSS., in some of which edita for edicta (sup. 8) is found.

vovit: the actual dedication was deferred for two years. Cf. 23, 31, m.

1. Ita rebus, &c. 'when the duties of religion had been thus fulfilled'. Cf. 9, 7; 10, 1.

tum. Cf. 21, 25, 12.

deque r. p. late MSS.; reque de p. P and M (so vulg.; for position of que cf. 9, 10; 26, 7): reque p. C (so Madv.).

quotve, cf. 7, 7; Madv. reads -que with a late MS.

2. exercitum, i.e. two legions (27, 10) together with half of what remained of the army of the preceding year; cf. 2, 1.

scriberet conscriberet, enlist' (KaтayράÓW, Kaтaλéуw): the two verbs occur together 21, 26, 2 and 3; cf. ib. 17, 3.

quantum...videretur, sc. ipsi, cf. 21, 17, 2.

ut e re &c. as he might consider best for the interests of the state': for e, ex = in accordance with, cf. Rob. 1940.

3. duas. Pol. 3, 88, 7 says that he left the city with four legions; but it seems more probable that he took with him only two, leaving two for garrison duty &c.; cf. infr. 9.

Iis, dat. after edixit.

Tibur, acc. of place whither, after conveniendum, or dependent on whole sentence diem ad c. edixit, cf. 23, 31 cui ad conveniendum Cales edicta dies; ib. 32, 14 militibus Sinuessam diem ad conveniendum edixit: convenio is sometimes omitted, cf. 10, 38, 4 exercitus Aquiloniam indictus: for diem, acc. of object, cf. 12, 1. Tibur (mod. Tivoli) is about 18 miles from Rome, between which places a steam-tram now conveys the traveller. It is first mentioned L. 3, 58; but its remote antiquity is attested by the fact

D. L. II.

that Dion. Hal. 1, 16 states that it was a city of the Siculi. Cf. Hor. O. 1, 18, 2; Virg. 7, 630, from which the city arms derive their motto. For its siege A.D. 1155, cf. Gibbon, ch. 69. It is now an unhealthy place-hence the couplet "Tivoli di mal conforto, | O piove, o tira vento, o suona amorto"-having degenerated since the days of Horace. When I visited the place last year I was especially struck by the beauty of the scenery and the famous Cascastelle or cascades.

4. ut...uti. Note common repetition after an intervening sentence, for the sake of perspicuity. Cf. 3, 64, f.; 23, 7, 6: see 21, 49, 8. Luterb. and Wfl. adopt Gron's. conj. ut ii for uti.

castella, 'strongholds', cf. 39, 16; 21, 33, 11; ib. 11, 10, where it'a redoubt'. The word often refers to fortified habitations built on mountain heights; cf. Virg. G. 3, 475; like arx Hor. O. 4, 14, 11.

immunita, 'unfortified'; but Tac. A. 11, 19 has immunio=munio: for other participial compounds with negative in, cf. indictus, infectus, infrenatus, intectus, which in form do not differ from the participles of indico, inficio &c.

regionis (= gen. possessivus,

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