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caelo cecidisse, et Arpis parmas in caelo visas pug10 nantemque cum luna solem, et Capenae duas interdiu lunas ortas, et aquas Caeretes sanguine mixtas fluxisse fontemque ipsum Herculis cruentis manasse respersum maculis, et Antii metentibus cruentas in corbem spicas cecidisse, et Faleriis caelum findi velut 11 magno hiatu visum, quaque patuerit, ingens lumen effulsisse; sortes sua sponte attenuatas, unamque

piated by the 'nine days' festi- sin. Rup. conj. frontem ipsam, val' 21, 62, 6. Drak. prefers referring to his statue on the reading of late MS. lampades: Capitol. Cf. 9, 44, f. but text is supported by Plut. Fab. 2 kai Noovs μèv èк тоû ȧépos διαπύρους καὶ φλεγομένους φέρεσfai: on this and abl. caelo cf. 1, 31, 2; infr. 38, 8.

Arpis: Arpi was an important city of Apulia (mod. Arpa near Foggia); cf. 9, 5; 12, 3.

10. Capenae: Capena was a town of Etruria (mod. Civitucola or S. Martino) at foot of Mt. Soracte. Cf. L. 5, 10. Ch. and B. render Capua' through oversight.

·

interdiu, cf. 21, 32, 10; 1, 47, 1. Gron. explains this word as = interim dum diust. Plaut. Aul. 1, 1, 33 has form interdius--both =acc. neut.: cf. dius with diu,

as

noctu diusque Titinius ap. Char. The word is a collateral form of dies; cf. diurnus=diusnus. Corss. 2, 295. The root div=brightness is found in biduum (bid(i)uum), Deus, Aiós.

aquas C. Cf. 36, 7; 21, 62, 5. Caere was famous for its hot baths, the most celebrated being the "fountain of Hercules". Strab. 5, 3. For Caerētes cf. 5, 16, 5: Liv. also has Caerites 7, 19, 20.

ipsum: the MS. reading=ipsorum sc. Caeritum, const. per syne

respersum C: P has spersum: vulg. sparsum. Cf. Epit. 50, in. cicatricibus sparsum caput.

Antii late MSS.: P with three other MSS in Antii: J. F. Gron. conj. in Antiati sc. agro (expressed 8, 12, in.)—so 33, 26, f. in Capenati; 41, 21, f. in Lanuvino: the gen. here in the neighbourhood of Antium (a town in Latium-mod. Porto d'Anzo). Cf. 21, 47, 7. This city was celebrated for the temple of Fortune cf. Hor. O. 1, 35; here Cic. had a villa (cf. Cic. Att. 2, 1; Forsyth's Cic. p. 64); and here Caligula and Nero were born.

metentibus: a similar portent at the same place is mentioned 28, 11, 2: note part., not verbal, transitory act.

corbem sc. messoriam, still called 'la corbella' in Italy: for an illustration cf. Rich s.v.

Faleriis: Falerii was a town of Etruria (mod. Civita Castellana), first mentioned L. 4, 17 as in alliance with Veii.

findi: cf. Sil. It. 1, 135 ruptoque polo micat igneus aether.

11. quaque patuerit 'from the opening': for the circumlocution cf. Nägelsb. 123.

sortes: cf. 21, 62, 5 and 8.

excidisse ita scriptam: "Mavors telum suum concutit", et per idem tempus Romae signum Martis 12 Appia via ac simulacra luporum sudasse, et Capuae speciem caeli ardentis fuisse lunaeque inter imbrem cadentis. Inde minoribus etiam dictu prodigiis fides 13 habita: capras lanatas quibusdam factas, et gallinam

excidisse, i.e. probably from the string on which they were strung together.

scriptam inscriptam: cf. Ov. H. 14, 128; Mart. 11, 4, 3; so scribam inscribam Cat. 37, 10.

telum hastam 21, 62, 4. Plut. Fab. 2 strangely connects this with caelum findi, TOû d' vπèp Φαλερίους οὐρανοῦ ῥαγῆναι δόξαντος ἐκπίπτειν καὶ διασπείρεσθαι πολλὰ Yраμμатeîα κal ToÚTwv év évì yeγραμμένον φανῆναι κατὰ λέξιν ̓́Αρης τὰ ἑαυτοῦ ὅπλα σαλεύει. Mavors = Mars (by contraction), another form of which is the Oscan Mamers. Cic. N. D. 3, 24 derives the name from magna verto; others refer the first part to mas (maris); but it is probably conn. with macto, uáxn. His surnames Silvanus, Gradivus, and Quirinus point to his threefold character God of country (agriculture, flocks, &c.), war, and state (Quirinus the spear-bearer fr.quiris). Cf. Keight. Myth. 461. As the primitive chief divinity of the Italians he gave his name, not merely to the Roman 'Plain' for exercise, but also to the first month of the year (hence 'March' cf. sup. 4; so Fr. Mars, Mardi, It. Martedì, Sp. Martes). Cf. 9, 9; 10, 9.

12. signum: this 'statue'doubtless stood in the temple of Mars on the Appian Way, where we now see the church of S. Sebastiano, cf. Ov. F. 6, 191. This road constructed by the censor

Appius Claudius Caecus B. c. 312 extended from the Porta Capena at Rome to Capua: cf. 15, 11; and Stat. S. 2, 2, 11 limite noto | Appia longarum teritur regina viarum.

ac P: ad vulg. after late MSS. (which Spillan renders at the sight of'). These 'images' no doubt stood near the statue of Mars, as the wolf was sacred to him (cf. Hor. O. 1, 17, 9), and had nurtured his children Romulus and Remus. In memory of the latter event I saw two wolves kept in a cage on the left of the steps ascending to the Capitol.

sudasse sc. sanguine, sup. 9: so Zon. 8, 22 aîμa è§ άyalμáтwv wp0n.

Capuae: Capua (mod. S. Maria di Capoa) was the chief city of Campania, originally named Vulturnus-for its etymology cf. 4, 37, 1: in the time of the 1st Samnite war Livy describes it as urbs maxima opulentissimaque Italiae 7, 31, 1.

lunaeque: this portent, resembling a shooting-star, is also mentioned by Jul. Obseq. C. Laelio L. Domitio Coss. Vulsiniis novam lunam decidisse. Drak. and Luterb. prefer lanaeq. cf. Oros. 7, 32 lana de nubibus pluviae mixta defluxit.

13. minoribus dictu 'less important': the pass. supine is properly a noun in the abl. part concerned, and is used by Liv.

14 in marem, gallum in feminam sese vertisse. His, sicut erant nuntiata, expositis auctoribusque in curiam 15 introductis, consul de religione patres consuluit. Decretum, ut ea prodigia partim maioribus hostiis, partim lactentibus procurarentur, et uti supplicatio 16 per triduum ad omnia pulvinaria haberetur; cetera, quum decemviri libros inspexissent, ut ita fierent, quemadmodum cordi esse divis e carminibus prae17 farentur. Decemvirorum monitu decretum est, Iovi

about 50 times, by Cic. 80, while Sall. has only 6, and Caes. 2.

lanatas sc. oves-so laniger, bidens, setiger, sonipes: this descriptive nomenclature, is common in Gk. Cf. ἡ ἀνθεμουργός, ἔλλοψ, φερέοικος, &c.

feminam gallinam: for this use cf. 21, 28, 8.

sese vertisse=verti. Cf. se commovisse motam esse 21, 62, 4. 14. sicut 'just as' i. e. without addition or omission. Cf. 21, 49, 6.

expositis 'having been detailed' (lit. 'set forth') by the consul Servilius at the sitting of the senate, March 15.

auctoribus his informants', those who testified to these portents.

15. maioribus, cf. 21, 62, 7. Servius states that old animals were offered as victims, when the object was to effect something speedily; but young ones when the desire was that something should be increased or strengthened.

lactentibus 'sucklings'. 37, 3, m.

Cf.

pulvinaria, cf. 21, 62, 9. 16. triduum: special efficacy was attributed to the number three. Cf. 10, 7. Though the senate decreed the proper expiations,

they usually consulted the Pontifex Maximus as the head of the state religion. Cf. 10, 1; Seeley Int. p. 96.

decemviri, &c. Cf. 21, 62, 6. divis late MS.: P diuinis: J. Gron. Divi suis: Vulg. Divi: e is due to Madv. cf. 10, 10.

carminibus: the Greek Sibylline oracles were written in a poetical form; cf. 38, 45, in. carminibus Sibyllae; Virg. Ec. 4, 4 (Conington's note).

praefarentur 'in accordance with what the Decemvirs should pronounce', 'declare'; Gron. conj. profarentur, so Madv.; but text is supported by 5, 41, 3 praefante carmen; cf. 43, 13, 8 decemviri praeierunt; elsewhere edere, as 10, 10.

17. Decemvirorum Gron.: iduirorum P.

Iovi, &c. The famous temple of Juppiter Capitolinus was finished under Tarquin the Proud: it contained three cellae, the centre belonging to Juppiter, and the other two to Juno and Minerva, and was dedicated B. C. 506, L. 2, 8, m. Its site is occupied by the present church of Ara Caeli. Cf. Meriv. 5, 31. On Juppiter cf. infr. 9, 10; 10, 9-10; 21, 63, 8.

primum donum fulmen aureum pondo quinquaginta fieret, et Iunoni Minervaeque ex argento dona darentur, et Iunoni reginae in Aventino Iunonique Sospitae Lanuvii maioribus hostiis sacrificaretur, matronaeque pecunia collata, quantum conferre cuique 18 commodum esset, donum Iunoni reginae in Aventinum ferrent, lectisterniumque fieret, et ut libertinae et ipsae, unde Feroniae donum daretur, pecuniam

primum: note absence of corresponding deinde. Cf. 2, 10; 21, 62, 7.

fulmen, 'thunderbolt': cf. Ov. F. 1, 202.

pondo sc. librarum. Cf. 21, 62, 8; infr. 23, 6; 37, 5.

fieret, for jussive subj. in quasi dependence on decretum est. Cf. Rob. 1606.

Iunoni, cf. 21, 62, 4 and 8: Minervaeque, cf. 7, 3, m.: the primitive form is Menerva, conn. with mens, moneo, hence in archaic Lat. promenervat=monet. Note hexameter ending.

Sospitae, cf. 8, 14, 4: with this collateral fem. of sospes cf. clienta, hospita, antistita.

18. quantum sc. pecuniae: Gron. prefers quantam (cf. 25, 12, 14): P quintum conferrent quique. lectisternium, cf. 21, 62, 9. fieret C2: fieretque PC1; hence Gron. reads fieret; quin (so vulg.): for quin et cf. 33, 46, f.

=

et ipsae: i.e. as well as the matrons. Stroth, accepting vulg. et l. ut ipsae, understands the last words like the matrons themselves, on the ground that ipse 'the master', ipsa 'the mistress'. Cf. Cat. 3, 7. Macrob. 1,6, 13 mentions that during this war, by direction of the Sibylline oracles, freedwomen were allowed to contribute, and their children to wear the praetexta. This

was the first occasion on which the freedmen were permitted to join in religious ceremonies, while at the same time they were enrolled in the legions. Cf. 11, 8. On the three classes of freedmen and the three ways of manumission cf. Just. Inst. 1, 5 (Sandars). A man was called libertus (ameλev@epos) with respect to his patron (Hor. S. 2, 3, 122), but libertinus as to his condition.

unde = ex qua (sc. pecunia); cf. 49, 17; 21, 10, 9.

Feroniae: the goddess Feronia had three sanctuaries in Italy, (1) at Feronia (mod. Acqua Felonica) in Etruria between Capena and Mt. Soracte, which is probably meant here, and 1, 30, 5 (though Preller R. Myth-cf. 357 and 377-refers the latter to Trebula of the Sabines); (2) between Pisae and Luna; (3) near Tarracina (on site of mod. Torre di Terracina): in this temple there was a seat on which if a slave sat he received his freedom, with the emblematical pileus. This is the place referred to by Virg. A. 7, 800; Tac. H. 3, 76; Hor. S. 1, 5, 24, where Torrentius (and Seeley on Liv. 1, 30, 5) quotes the Greek titles given to this Sabine goddess, who presided over freedmen and flowers, i. e. 'Avonpópos, ÞiλOOTÉpavos, and Pepσepóvŋ, Dion. Hal.

19 pro facultatibus suis conferrent. Haec ubi facta, decemviri Ardeae in foro maioribus hostiis sacrificarunt. Postremo Decembri iam mense ad aedem Saturni Romae immolatum est, lectisterniumque imperatum (et eum lectum senatores straverunt) 20 et convivium publicum, ac per urbem Saturnalia diem ac noctem clamata, populusque eum diem festum habere ac servare in perpetuum iussus.

3, 32; Keightley's Myth. p. 483. The name is variously derived a ferendis frugibus, or from feror= pépoμaι alluding to the Lacedaemonian colonists; but note quantity of first vowel. Feronia was especially worshipped by Sabines, Umbrians and Etruscans.

19. Ardeae: Ardea, which still retains its name, was the capital of the Rutuli in Latium: cf. 1, 57, 1; 21, 7, 2. No portent had occurred here; thus too when the columna rostrata on the Capitol was struck by lightning B.C. 172 a sacrifice was offered not only on the spot, but also in Campania, 40, 20, 3. In the city there was a celebrated temple of Juno, and at some distance from the city one dedicated to Aphrodite.

Decembri, B. c. 217. For a repetition of these ceremonies cf. 9, 8.

Saturni: this temple was dedicated B. c. 497, cf. 2, 21, in., and was used as the state-treasury. It was situated at the foot of the Capitoline hill and at the top of the Forum, and was standing almost entire when Poggio saw it in the 15th cent. One sees now only eight Ionic columns of granite to mark the spot.

et eum: Madv. rejects et, but

Liv. often uses it parenthetically =et quidem. Cf. 21, 12, 7; 34, 32, in.

senatores: this was unusual, as the Duumvirs or Decemvirs were charged with the entire arrangement of the banquet for the gods. Cf. 5, 13, m. Duumviri sacris faciundis, lectisternio... facto, Apollinem... stratis lectis placavere; cf. 21, 62, 9.

20. S. clamata Gron.: clamatam P: clamatum vulg.: the latter may be rendered "the people exclaimed 'the Saturnalia!' throughout the day and night " (where Saturnalia = voc.). Cf. 24, 10, f. infantem, Io triumphe! clamasse; but cf. 21, 62, 2. The text, however, is supported by Macrob. Sat. 1, 10, 18 apud aedem Saturni convivio dissoluto Saturnalia clamitabantur; cf. L. 45, 38, s. f. triumphum nomine cient. The cry was Io Saturnalia! which Burm. would read here. The Saturnalia, analogous to our Christmas festivities or the Carnival at Rome, took place on Dec. 19, and at first lasted for only one day (hence eum diem), though subsequently for seven. Liv. 2, 21, in. places the institution of the festival in B. c. 497. For the liberty then accorded to slaves cf. Hor. S. 2, 3, 5.

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