iturus Hannibal esset, tectis prius incensis ac frugibus corruptis, ne cuius rei copia esset, ipse via 5 Flaminia profectus obviam consuli exercituque, quum ad Tiberim circa Ocriculum prospexisset agmen consulemque cum equitibus ad se progredientem, viatorem misit, qui consuli nuntiaret, ut sine lictoribus Madv. 281) depends on cmnes 'all the population of' (lit. 'all belonging to'); it might possibly be governed by agris, but the other construction is supported by 41, 5; 24, 25, 10. 5. copia. Fabius, knowing that Hann. received no supplies from Carthage, regularly adopted this method to reduce his foe. App. H. 13, 17. via Flaminia. The Flaminian Way was constructed B. c. 220 by the censor, C. Flaminius Nepos, slain at the Trasimene Lake, and was the first of the celebrated roads, whose focus was Rome. Cf. Epit. 20. This road ran from Rome through the Porta Flaminia (mod. Porta del Popolo), crossing the Tiber at the Mulvian Bridge (mod. Ponte Molle), to Ariminum, passing through the south of Etruria, and the Umbrian towns Ocriculum, Narnia and Spoletium. Strabo v. 217 erroneously attributes this work to C. Flaminius, son of the preceding, who was consul B.c. 187. The latter constructed a road between Bononia and Arretium, connected with Rome by the Via Cassia. L. 39, 2, m. Cf. Mart. 10, 6; Merivale, Rom. 2, 142. exercitu (reading of P)=dat., cf. 2, 1; vulg. exercitui. Ocriculum (mod. Otricoli). During the Umbrian War this town formed an alliance with Rome B.C. 308; cf. 9, 41, f. For its later history cf. Tac. H. 3, 78; Plin. Ep. 6, 25, 1. progredientem old edd.: prodientem P with several MSS.: prodeuntem vulg. with inferior MSS. viatorem, 'an apparitor': the text follows inferior MSS. P, C, and M with many other MSS. have viatore misso, which Weiss, accepts as genuine, suggesting that substitit has dropped out. These couriers derived their name from their office, which was to summon senators from their country estates, as viator primarily=odoπópos. Cf. Cic. Sen. 16. Originally they, along with lictors, attended the superior magistrates generally, but subsequently they were attached only to magistrates possessed of potestas, but not imperium, e.g. censors, tribunes of the people &c. Cf. L. 2, 56, s. f. They might arrest (prehendere) individuals, but not in general bind them (ligare), which was done by the lictors; Valgius in A. Gell. 12, 3 mentions an exception. sine lictoribus, i.e. in token that his power was now subordinated to that of the dictator. The derivation of the word is uncertain; cf. A. Gell. 1. c. Some say it is contracted for ligator; others from licio 'to summon', whence ='messenger' (so Momms.); Plut. Rom.26 states that the original form was λιτώρεις = λειτουργοί. Pol. calls them paßdopópoι and paßdoûxo, Plut. paßdovóμo. A dic 6 ad dictatorem veniret. Qui quum dicto paruisset, congressusque eorum ingentem speciem dictaturae apud cives sociosque vetustate iam prope oblitos eius imperii fecisset, litterae ab urbe allatae sunt, naves onerarias commeatum ab Ostia in Hispaniam ad exercitum portantes a classe Punica circa por7 tum Cosanum captas esse. Itaque extemplo consul Ostiam proficisci iussus, navibusque, quae ad urbem Romanam aut Ostiae essent, completis milite ac navalibus sociis, persequi hostium classem ac litora 8 Italiae tutari. Magna vis hominum conscripta Romae erat; libertini etiam, quibus liberi essent et tator had 24, consul 12, praetor 6, Vestal virgin 1. Momms. 3, 349 (n.) however thinks that, notwithstanding the assertion of Dionys. 10, 24, Liv. Epit. 98 is right in saying that Sulla was the first dictator who had 24, while originally, like,the king (1, 8, 2), the dictator had but 12. The lictores and viatores are included under the generic apparitores. Fabius afterwards was compelled by his son to show respect to him as consul, 24, 44, f. Cf. Plut. Ap. Fab. 7; ib. Fab. 24. 6. ingentem &c. ' had enhanced the prestige of the dictatorship'. vetustate, 'from its antiquity'; for abl. cf. 27, 1; 52, 7; ib. 21; 53, 2: the last dictator was Calatinus; cf. 8, 5. commeatum. Cf. 21, 25, 14. Ostia. For gender cf. Gk.'noría, though Liv. sometimes prefers neut., cf. 37, 1; 57, 1; but Festus says that its founder, Ancus Martius, made the name feminine. Cf. L. 1, 33, 8. This city of Latium and port of Rome was 16 miles from the last place, and at one time contained 80,000 inhabitants: whereas the modern village, about a mile from the ancient city, founded by Gregory IV. A.D. 830, contains only 50, who are engaged at the salt-works, of which Liv. 1. c. speaks. In A.D. 46 Claudius constructed his famous harbour (mod. Porto) on the opposite side; cf. Juv. 12, 75 sqq. It was from Ostia that Claudius set out on his expedition to Britain. in H. ad. Cf. 21, 49, 3: this alludes to Cn. Scipio's army, 21, 60, 1; ib. 32, 3; ib. 17, 8. portum Cosanum. Rutil. Itin. 1, 285 sqq. calls it Portus Herculis, whence its modern name Porto d'Ercole. Cosa or Cosae (Virg. 10, 168) was an Etrurian town near the promontory M. Argentarius. It first appears in history as a Roman colony B.C. 273. L. Epit. 14; Cic. Att. 9, 6, 9. It is now represented by the ruins of Ansidonia,near Orbetello. 7. ad urbem R., i. e. in the dockyards (navalia) outside the Porta Trigemina; cf. 45, 2, f. Polyb. 3, 75 states that 60 quinqueremes were fitted out this year: for ad cf. sup. 8, 1. navalibus sociis nautis, classiariis. Cf. 21, 49, 7. aetas militaris, in verba iuraverant. Ex hoc urbano 9 exercitu, qui minores quinque et triginta annis erant, in naves impositi, alii, ut urbi praesiderent, relicti. liberi: though they had no interests in the state like the burgesses, yet they had children who attached them to Rome, and were hostages for their good behaviour-cf. 10, 8, the children at the same time being ingenui, and thus eligible for the 35 tribes. aetas militaris, i.e. from the age of 17 to 46. Cf. 57, 9; 25, 5, 7; 43, 14, 3. Exceptions are found in 25, 5; L. 42, 33. in verba &c. 'had taken the prescribed oath'. Cf. 53, 12: the prep. implies a formula (concepta verba), cf. 10, 2: for the military oath cf. 38, 2-5: for the iusiurandum cf. 21, 1, 4. The oath was usually administered by a military tribune. Cf. 2, 32, 1; 3, 20, 4. men at Rome suffered under queremes forming the Roman serious disabilities. They could fleet. only vote in the four city tribes, in which they were enrolled by Serv. Tullius, though App. Claudius included them in all the tribes; but this right was taken from them seven years afterwards-L. 9, 46, the restriction being repeated B.C. 220. Again, Tib. Gracchus, censor B.c. 169, recalled them from the other 31 to the four city tribes, respecting which Cic. Or. 1, 38 says quod nisi fecisset, rempublicam...iam diu nullam haberemus, i.e. owing to the pernicious influence which they would have exercised on the elections. Momms. characterizes them as "a mixture of mendicant rabble and extremely rich parvenus, no longer slaves, and not yet fully burgesses." Sulpicius and Cinna proposed a law granting to the freedmen equality of suffrage with the old burgesses, which passed into law B.c. 84; but this was cancelled by Sulla two or three years afterwards. For the failure of the attempt of G. Manilius to revive the Sulpician law cf. Momms. 4, 159. Only ingenui were entitled to serve in the legions; though on dangerous crises like the present freedmen were armed-cf. 10,21, 4; and even two legions of slaves were formed в.c. 216, infr. 57, 11. It was not till B.C. 89 that freedmen might legally serve. Epit. 74. Perhaps these men were now required not to supplement the legions, but only as socii navales for the 120 quin 9. urbano, i.e. the forces raised from the tribus urbanae as op. to tr. rusticae. These city troops constituted the Roman reserve. Cf. 27, 8, m. minores...annis. Cf. 42, 33, 4: for the various forms of this expression cf. Rob. L. G. 1273: natus is usually omitted in the above expression, though Cic. Verr. 2, 49 has it. impositi. Cf. 21, 27, 9. alii, 'the rest' = ceteri, reliqui. Cf. 21, 12, 6; 1, 12, 9: so äλλos Hom, Il. 2, 1. praesiderent, 'to garrison' = praesidio essent. Cf. 36, 5, m. praesidere Epiro: so 3, 48, m. praesides provinciarum exercitus: cf. use of кaliw Рol. 20, 6, 8. 1 XII. Hannibal offers battle, which Fabius, adopting a cautious policy, refuses. Dictator, exercitu consulis accepto a Fulvio Flacco legato, per agrum Sabinum Tibur, quo diem ad conveniendum edixerat novis militibus, venit. 2 Inde Praeneste ac transversis limitibus in viam Latinam est egressus, unde, itineribus summa cum cura exploratis, ad hostem ducit, nullo loco, nisi quantum necessitas cogeret, fortunae se commissurus. 3 Quo primum die haud procul Arpis in conspectu hostium posuit castra, nulla mora facta, quin Poenus 4 educeret in aciem copiamque pugnandi faceret. Sed ubi quieta omnia apud hostes nec castra ullo tumultu mota videt, increpans quidem, victos tandem illos Martios animos Romanis, debellatumque et 1. a...legato, i.e. because the consul (11, 2) had gone to Ostia 11, 7. Cf. 21, 39, 3. quo diem. All the MSS. except MS. Ber. give die. Cf. 11, 3; 28, 5, in.: quo refers to Tibur. 2. Praeneste acc., cf. 1, 9. transversis. These words are repeated 2, 39, 3, with the substitution of tramitibus for limitibus; cf. infr. 15, 11. These cross-ways' or 'by-ways' are opposed to the direct via Praenestina=prorsus limes: cf. obliquis tramitibus egressi 5, 16, 5; 7, 15, m. v. Latinam. The 'Latin Way' ran from Rome to Beneventum by the Porta Latina, not far from the Porta Appia, in the outer wall of Honorius, the v. Latina having diverged from the v. Appia about halfway between that wall and the Porta Capena in the inner wall of Servius. Cf. use of trivium and compitum, as applied to town and country respectively. ad hostem ducit. Cf. 19, 6; infr. 3; 21, 22, 5; 1, 23, 5: so = in quantum. Cf. commissurus, fut. of purpose or intention. Cf. 21, 13, 6: for other examples cf. Nägelsb. 370 : see infr. 9. 3. Quo &c. 'on the day that he first pitched his camp' &c. Arpis. Cf. 9, 5. Pol. 3, 88 states that this happened at Aecae, another Apulian town (mod. Troja) about 14 miles S. W. of Arpi, cf. 24, 20, 2: hence Gron. here reads decis. mora...quin. Cf. 21, 50, 11. 4. mota turbata, not to be confounded with technical phrase 21, 39, 10. increpans, 'tauntingly exclaiming'. Cf. 3, 11; so 21, 36, 3: quidem answers to ceterum, like μèv...dé, distinguishing his outward bearing from his inward feelings. victos...animos. Cf. 21, 12, 6. illos Haupt, quos P. Jenicke concessum propalam de virtute ac gloria esse, in castra rediit; ceterum tacita cura animum incessit, 5 quod cum duce haudquaquam Flaminio Sempronioque simili futura sibi res esset ac tum demum edocti malis Romani parem Hannibali ducem quaesissent. Et prudentiam quidem non vim dictatoris extemplo 6 timuit; constantiam hauddum expertus, agitare ac temptare animum movendo crebro castra populandoque in oculis eius agros sociorum coepit, et modo 7 citato agmine ex conspectu abibat, modo repente in aliquo flexu viae, si excipere degressum in aequum concessum &c. 'they had openly given up their claim to valour". Cf. 25, 7. P appends -que, other MSS. quas, qui, quae, or quod. 5. ceterum=sed. Cf. 21, 6, 1. incessit (Muret's conj. supported by a late MS.), P incensum, vulg. incensus; for this Greek construction, rarely used by Liv., cf. 21, 7, 10: but the text is amply supported by 1, 56, 5; 23, 38, 5 &c. Caes. B. G. 3, 74 has dat. exercitui incessit dolor. Flaminio (P2, P1 flaminis) Sempronioque P, Alsch. Flamini Sempronique. Wfl. prefers this as the gen. is used of mental resemblance (39, 1), dat. of bodily likeness (26, 50, 13); but I have retained the dat. of MS. on account of the close parallel in L. 44, 4 si hostem similem antiquis Macedonum regibus habuisset. Cf. Rob. 1317 on Livy's use of similis. 6. prudentiam. The op. quality is exhibited by Minucius 29, 1; so Diod. 26, 3, 3 opposes the ἀγχίνοια of the dictator to the appoσúvn of his magister equitum. non vim P. I. Gron. conj. novi ductoris (the adj. is preferred by Madv., Müll., &c., though the MS. reading needs no change). Luterb. reads novam insolitam. hauddum nondum, found, according to Stüremburg on Cic. Off. only in Liv. and in only the following passages, in addition to this-2, 52, m.; 10, 6, in. ; ib. 25, m.; 28, 2, in.; 29, 11, in.; 33, 11, in.; but cf. Sil. 2, 332. For dum attached to negative cf. Madv. 462, a. agitare &c. 'to harass him and try his temper'. in oculis, 'before his eyes'; cf. 14, 3. Weiss. notices the bias against plebeian generals, which Livy frequently exhibits, derived probably from Fabius Pictor, while patricians are held up to admiration. Cf. 3, 10; 38, 6-8; 21, 53, 1. |