8 posset, occultus subsistebat. Fabius per loca alta agmen ducebat, modico ab hoste intervallo, ut neque omitteret eum neque congrederetur. Castris, nisi quantum usus necessarii cogerent, tenebatur miles; pabulum et ligna nec pauci petebant nec passim; 9 equitum levisque armaturae statio, composita instructaque in subitos tumultus, et suo militi tuta omnia et infesta effusis hostium populatoribus prae10 bebat; neque universo periculo summa rerum committebatur, et parva momenta levium certaminum ex tuto coeptorum, finitimo receptu, assuefaciebant territum pristinis cladibus militem minus iam tan 7. si...posset, 'to try whether he could', 'in the hope that he might catch F.'; cf. 13, 1; L. 42, 67: usually tempto, experior or the like precede. Cf. 1, 57, 2; Rob. 1754. Cf. 21, 62, 10. So ei is used in Gr., cf. Madv. G. S. 194, a, 2. excipere. Cf. 32, 2; 21, 61, 8; the metaphor is explained by Phaed. 1, 11, 5—6. in aequum. Cf. 14, 11; 21, 33, 7. occultus. Several inferior MSS. give occulte; but adj. for adv. is common in Liv.; cf. 7, 7; especially this one, cf. 9, 23, 6 substitit occultus; for other instances see Nägelsb. 262; Madv. 300, a. subsistebat, halted': P and other MSS. give obsistebat; but this occurs in quite a different sense, cf. 21, 41, 15: the corruption is intelligible from the last letter of preceding word. 8. per l. alta. Cf. Pol. 3, 9 παρὰ τὰς παρωρείας. omitteret, let him out of his sight', C. and B.: hence Hann. called him his Taιdaywyós, Plut. Fab. 4. Castris...tenebatur, cf. 18, 1: for quantum in quantum cf. 57, 1. necessarii cogerent Weiss.: P necessari cogeret; which vulg. follows, reading necessario. Cf. § 2; 2, 3: after the verb supply egredi, and for the Zeugma cf. 1, 33, 6; for conjunct. iterativ. cf. 2, 7. Usus is explained in next sentence, and probably includes aquatio. statio, 'pickets', in front of the camp; cf. 45, 3. = 9. infesta intuta, periculosa: for another sense cf. § 11. 10. neque universo &c. 'all his chances were not staked on a pitched battle' (or 'on the hazard of a general engagement'); cf. 32, 2; 23, 16, 4, where universa pugna óλoσxeρǹs кpíσis, or ovμTλOKÝ in Pol. parva &c. parvi momenti levia certamina, trifling conflicts of small importance, which were safely attempted, as there was a retreat close at hand'; cf. 21, 43, 11: parva momenta = = σμικραί, λεπταὶ ῥοπαί, expresses the turning of the scales in favour of the Roman arms. ex tuto. Cf. 15, 5; 21, 32, 7. receptu refers to castris, § 8; the text is due to Lipsius. P reads finitimorum receptum quae. pristinis. P and two of the Sed 11 dem aut virtutis aut fortunae paenitere suae best MSS. add in his, whence paenitere, to be dissatisfied 11. Sed non &c. 'but his prudent measures found an opponent in the master of the horse no less than in Hann.' Nägelsb. 482 compares for construction Cic. Font. 14, 31 cum his vos testibus vestram religionem coniungetis? ='will your conscience make common cause with these witnesses?' Cf. 19, 11; 27, 3. impar erat I. Gron., imperabat P and best MSS.: old edd. accept this, prefixing non; Ruben. conj. parebat; but Minucius possessed the imperium, though subject to the dictator: for abl. imperio cf. 15, 9. morae depends on nihil; cf. 21, 45, 9. Translate 'who was only prevented from ruining the state by the inferiority of his power', i.e. to that possessed by Fabius. rapidus, 'rash', 'precipitate'. immodicus. Cf. 4, 49, s. f. nactus superbum ingenium immodicamque linguam. in vulgus, 'before the ranks', cf. 3, 14; 30, 7. pro, instead of'; cf. 39, 20: Minucius' taunt was perhaps the origin of Fabius' celebrated agnomen; cf. 30, 26, m., where Liv., quoting Ennius, is uncertain whether the Dictator was ingenio cunctator, or merely acted as such during this war. Cf. 14, 5. pro cauto late MSS., et cauto P and C: cf. 14, 14. Cf. Hor. S. 1, 3, 61, with lines preceding from 1. 44. compellabat involves the notion of reproach; cf. 4, 32, f. imbelles compellans: so ảтокaλéw, cf. my ed. of Lucian p. 54. premendoque superiorem I. Gron., P and all MSS. praemendorum superiorum: hence vulg. premendorumque superiorum arte; but cf. 59, 10: premo here = deprimo, elevo, to depreciate', cf. 23, 1, in. Perhaps Liv. alludes to Marius' conduct towards Metellus, Sall. I. 64, 5. XIII. Hannibal's operations in Samnium and Campania. His guide conducts him to Casilinum, instead of Casinum, through an error of pronun ciation. 1 Hannibal ex Hirpinis in Samnium transit, Beneventanum depopulatur agrum, Telesiam urbem capit, irritat etiam de industria ducem, si forte accensum tot indignitatibus cladibusque sociorum detrahere ad adduces a good parallel in Phaed. 2, 3, 7. 1. ex Hirpinis. Hann. had marched from the Apulian Luceria or Arpi (9, 5; 12, 3) into the territory of the Hirpini, situated in the south of Sam. nium. They were a Sabellian race, who were led into their homes, according to the legend, by a wolf (hirpus, cf. apπağ), whence their name. Some think they derived their name from their predatory habits. They, with the Frentani, Pentri, and Caudini were included in the Samnite league, which was probably dissolved B.C. 272. Cf. Momms. 1, 435. They espoused the Carthaginian cause after B. c. 216; cf. 61, 11; L. 23, 1; but finally submitted B. c. 209; L. 27, 15. See Virg. A. 7, 563. Samnium here the Caudini, distinguished from the Hirpini; in 61, 11 the Samnites are again distinguished from them; so in 23, 43, in.; they doubtless became an independent tribe on the dissolution of the league. transit, sc. Apenninum; cf. Pol. 3, 88 and 90. Beneventanum. Beneventum (mod. Benevento), was a Samnite town, rendered famous by the defeat of Pyrrhus B.c. 274. It was originally called Maleventum from its unhealthiness, but on receiving a Roman colony, B.C. 268, obtained a name of better omen. (Such euphemisms were common, especially in Greece; cf. Evževos for "Ağevos, evwvvμos for dvowvvuos; cf. Photius s. v. Σεμναὶ θεαί· κατ ̓ εὐφη μισμὸν αἱ Ἐρινύες· ὥσπερ αἱ αὐταὶ Evμevides eκаλoûvтo.) Cf. Epit. 15; 9, 27, f.; Hor. S. 1, 5, 71. For the crushing defeat of Manfred at this place A.D. 1266 cf. Gibbon, ch. 62. Telesiam (mod. Telese). This town lay between Beneventum and Callifae, on a branch of the Latin Way. It was recovered three years later by Fabius, 24, 20, 8. Here the Marian general Pontius was born. Murray describes it now as 'a miserable village'. The MS. of Pol. 3, 90 wrongly gives Οὐενουσίαν πόλιν, Venusia being an Apulian town, though Strab. 5, 250 places it in Samnium. ducem, sc. Romanum, which Müll. inserts: Wfl. suggests dictatorem. si. Cf. 12, 7. Madv. 451, d. cladibusque: que is wanting in P and other MSS.; for Asyndeton Heerw. compares 21, 46, 4. Madv. &c. adopt ac, conj. of Weiss. detrahere and aequum imply a battle in the plain; cf. 12, 8. aequum certamen possit. Inter multitudinem socio- 2 rum Italici generis, qui ad Trasumennum capti ab Hannibale dimissique fuerant, tres Campani equites erant, multis iam tum illecti donis promissisque Hannibalis ad conciliandos popularium animos. Hi 3 nuntiantes, si in Campaniam exercitum admovisset, Capuae potiendae copiam fore, quum res maior quam auctores esset, dubium Hannibalem alternisque fidentem ac diffidentem tamen, ut Campanos ex Samnio peteret, moverunt. Monitos etiam atque 4 etiam promissa rebus affirmarent, iussosque cum pluribus et aliquibus principum redire ad se dimisit. Ipse imperat duci, ut se in agrum Casinatem ducat, 5 2. capti &c. Cf. 7, 5. iam tum, 'even then', i.e. when H. had dismissed them. 3. Capuae, cf. 1, 12; for a different construction cf. 21, 45, 9. res &c. 'the undertaking was greater than the authority of those who proposed it', or 'the matter seemed too important for the authority on which it rested' (C. and B.), explaining dubium. Hann. would have preferred a greater number, and more influential persons; see § 4. Cf. 1, 16, 5. alternis, sc.vicibus, 'alternately', abl. of manner. Cf. Rob. 1237. See 41, 3. C. ex Samnio: C. and B. translate as if text were ex Campanis in Samnium. Pol. 3, 90 and 91 does not mention the 'three knights', but represents H. as advancing for the sake of supplies, and persuaded μáxeo@ai τοὺς πολεμίους ἀναγκάσειν (ef. 15, 2), ĥ πâσι dîλov πоιýσELY Öтɩ краτεῖ τῶν ὅλων, καὶ τὰς πόλεις ὁρμήσειν πρὸς τὴν ἀπὸ Ῥωμαίων ἀπό στασιν. 4. etiam atque etiam &c. 'the promises they had made over and over again'. Gron. places ut before promissa, thus connecting etiam &c. with monitos; but cf. 41, 19, m. Fab. quotes four parallel passages from Lucretius; cf. Lucr. 1, 1049. Cf. infr. 42, 4. aliquibus: though Liv. elsewhere (e.g. 26, 49, 6) uses aliquis in abl., like quis 21, 62, 2, all the MSS. here seem to attest this form. Fab. quotes Sen. Ep. 92 aliquibus commodis (p. 586, Ā. ed. Lips.). principum: the Capuan aristocracy adhered to the Roman side; cf. 23, 2, m. 5. duci, sc. viae or itineris (cf. Curt. 5, 7, f.); 21, 27, 4. Casinatem. Casinum (mod. San Germano) was a town of Latium on the Latin Way, colonized by Rome в.c. 312; cf. L. 9, 28. The name, according to Varro L. L. 7, 29, in Samnite forum vetus, is still preserved in the name of the monastery, Monte Casino, founded by S. Benedict A.D. 529, on the site of a temple of Apollo; cf. Dante Par. 22. As I passed it on my way to Naples, I was struck by edoctus a peritis regionum, si eum saltum occupasset, exitum Romano ad opem ferendam sociis interclu6 surum; sed Punicum abhorrens ab Latinorum nominum pronuntiatione os, Casilinum pro Casino dux ut acciperet, fecit, aversusque ab suo itinere per Allifanum Calatinumque et Calenum agrum in cam its fortress-like position on the summit of a lofty hill, overhanging San Germano. edoctus. Cf. 21, 27, 4; 32, 10. saltum, i.e. the pass leading into the valley of the Liris (mod. Liri). They forgot that though Hann. would command the Via Latina at Casinum, forces might be brought from Rome by the Via Appia. Moreover Fabius, advancing from Apulia and Samnium, would hardly go so far north; cf. 12, 3. sociis, i.e. especially Capua, § 3. 6. Punicum &c. 'Hannibal's Carthaginian accent being unsuited to the pronunciation of Latin names'; cf. 21, 32, 10. The text is due to Weiss.: P, with the three best MSS., omits words between nominum and pro (probably a copyist's error on account of the repetition of the final syllables...inum pro): Gron. simply changes ab into os; but this use of gen. lacks support, notwithstanding metuens 3, 4 (he wrongly quotes 29, 34, 2 gentium aspernatus, where we must supply equites): Drak., with inferior MSS., reads prolatione, which is araş λey. in this sense: Fab. prefers reading of three late MSS. abh. ab L. nomine, where nomen is understood; cf. 21, 19, 9. Isidore Orig. 1, 30 attributes to the Africans a faulty use of the letter 1 = lambdacismus, which Hann. here inserted. Cf. Cic. Arch. 10, 26, on Cordova. Casilinum (mod. Capoa Nuova), a Campanian town on right bank of Vulturnus, three miles from Capua. It was a strategical position commanding the chief bridge; cf. 15, 3; 23, 19, 1. Hannibal captured the town B.c. 216, but lost it two years later. aversus, sc. Hannibal. suo itin. 'his intended route', i.e. from Telesia (13, 1) to Casinum. Pol. and App. are silent respecting this incident, which is inherently improbable. Allif. Calatinumque. I have retained reading of vulg. after P, though Madv.'s conj. Callifanum Allifanumque is plausible, Callifae and Allifae being close together. But as the route represented by text involves no contradiction, it seems safer to follow the MS. Allifae (mod. Alife) was a town of Samnium on the Latin Way, famous for Fabius' victory over the Samnites B.C. 307; cf. 9, 42, m. Cf. 17, 7; 18, 5. Calatia (mod. Caiazzo), a town in Samnium, north of the Vulturnus, not to be confounded with another of the same name, south of that river, in Campania. Cf. 61, 11; 9, 43, in. Kiepert reads Caiatia; so inscriptions and coins. Pol. 3, 92 states that Hann. marched from Samnium (ἐκ τῆς Σαυνίτιδος) through the pass of the "Eribianian hill", encamping on the Vulturnus (Οὔλθυρνος). |