UN!

clam progressus ad hostium stationes, conventis quibusdam auxiliaribus Hispanis et ab his ad Scipio16 nem perductus, quid afferret, expromit, et fide accepta dataque ac loco et tempore constituto ad obsides tradendos, Saguntum redit. Diem insequentem absumpsit cum Bostare mandatis ad rem agendam 17 accipiendis. Dimissus, quum se nocte iturum, ut custodias hostium falleret, constituisset, ad compositam cum iis horam excitatis custodibus puerorum profectus, veluti ignarus in praeparatas sua fraude 18 insidias ducit. In castra Romana perducti; cetera omnia de reddendis obsidibus, sicut cum Bostare constitutum erat, acta per eundem ordinem, quo si

cf. Tapá Madv. G. S. 61. For
the Carthaginian character cf.
21, 4, 9.

persuasit. According to Pol.
3, 98 Abelux told Bostar that he
might expect handsome presents
from the parents, on the recovery
of their children.

nocte clam, so 24, 6; 24, 30, 2 clam nocte; cf. 21, 63, 9.

auxiliaribus, serving under Scipio, cf. 21, 4: for conventis... et...perductus, cf. § 1 missus...et advecto; see 19, 11.

Scipionem, i.e. Publius, cf. § 1, who held the chief command, cf. 21, 40, 3: Rup. conj. Scipiones, as Pol. 3, 99 says Tpòs TOUS σтρаTηYOÚs: but cf. § 20. See also 21, 52, 6.

16. expromit Bâle ed. 1535: exprimit P and most MSS.; cf. 29, 1, s. in. expromerent quid sentirent.

et fide: contrary to P and two of the best MSS. the vulg. omits the conjunction, placing a full stop after expromit. For the phrase cf. Salī. C. 44, 3; ib. 81, 1. So in Xen. Cyr. 7, 1, 44 ἔδοσαν πίστιν καὶ ἔλαβον, for which in An. 7, 3, 1 he uses δεξιὰς δόν

ducit, sc. obsides.

18. acta, &c. 'were carried out in precisely the same way, as if the business were being transacted in the name of C.': per eundem ordinem (C) is not found elsewhere in Livy: P reads ordine (cf. 7, 11) which Stroth, Alsch. &c. retain, referring eundem to Abelux : Heerw. proposes (eodem) ordine, which Luterb. accepts, reading peracta instead of per eundem. Pol. 3, 99 states that the Romans employed Abelux, on whom they conferred distinction, to take back the hostages to their homes, συμπέμψαντες τοὺς ἐπιτηδείους.

Carthaginiensium nomine sic ageretur. Maior ali- 19 quanto Romanorum gratia fuit in re pari, quam quanta futura Carthaginiensium fuerat. Illos enim graves superbos in rebus secundis expertos fortuna et timor mitigasse videri poterat; Romanus primo 20 adventu, incognitus ante, ab re clementi liberalique initium fecerat, et Abelux, vir prudens, haud frustra videbatur socios mutasse. Itaque ingenti consensu 21 defectionem omnes spectare; armaque extemplo mota forent, ni hiemps, quae Romanos quoque et Carthaginienses concedere in tecta coegit, intervenisset.

quo si, brachylogy for quo acta essent si, cf. 21, 62, 7; several MSS. read quasi: note change from acc. to abl., cf. 15, 3.

sic, one MS. has res.

19. Maior, &c., 'the' popularity of the Romans was much greater than what would have fallen to the lot of the Carthaginians, though the benefit was the same'. For the position of the abl. of measure, aliquanto, cf. 48, 4; 21, 15, 5; in the same way Liv. uses adverbial acc. aliquantum ampliorem, 1, 7, 9; Madv. 270, 1.

futura... fuerat; the tense is Future in the past, referring to the time when Abelux proposed that the hostages should be restored in the name of Carthage; cf. 24, 6; Rob. 1494.

=

Illos Carthaginienses, who are the remote object now in the minds of the Spaniards as well as in the thoughts of Livy; so ille refers to the last named in 39, 4; 21, 10, 11; 3, 72, m.; Tac. H. 2, 77; Madv. 485, a.

graves, 'oppressive', 'tyrannical' que is wanting in P and two of the best MSS.; for Asyndeton cf. 21, 28, 2. Note passive use of expertos, as in 21, 1,

2; cf. ib. 21, 2; ib. 30, 5.

fortuna, sc. adversa, cf. Hor. O. 3, 3, 62.

20. Romanus, i.e. P. Scipio, § 15.

ab re, &c. 'had begun with an act of kindness and generosity'.

haud frustra, 'not without reason', or 'not without good results', i.e. to the Spaniards and Romans. According to Pol. 3, 99 Abelux induced many Spaniards to declare for Rome by dwelling on the clemency of the Romans, the savage nature of the Carthaginians, and pointing to his own example.

21. defectionem...s. 'began to meditate (prepare for) revolt'; some late MSS. prefix ad, as 23, 16, 2 quum ad defectionem spectaret, cf. 1, 9, 6; but 3, 69, in. arma et bellum spectabat. Similarly video occurs 2, 12, 14, like Gr. χρυσίον, δόξας ὁρῶσιν, Luc. Herm. 22.

armaque, &c., 'hostilities would have commenced', cf. 7, 29, in.; Virg. A. 12, 6.

hiemps, so Wölff., cf. Munro's Lucr., p. 35, 2nd ed.

quoque, i.e. as well as the Carthaginians.

concedere, &c., 'to retire to their quarters', cf. 21, 15, 3.

1

XXIII. Fabius' policy of delay unpopular at Rome. He sells his estate in order to ransom the Roman prisoners.

Haec in Hispania quoque secunda aestate Punici belli gesta, quum in Italia paulum intervalli 2 cladibus Romanis sollers cunctatio Fabii fecisset; quae ut Hannibalem non mediocri sollicitum cura habebat, tandem eum militiae magistrum delegisse Romanos cernentem, qui bellum ratione, non fortuna gereret, 3 ita contempta erat inter cives armatos pariter togatosque, utique postquam absente eo temeritate magistri equitum laeto verius dixerim quam prospero

1. quoque, i.e. in Spain as well as in Italy; but most editors bracket the word, which is perhaps a repetition of 22, 21; cf. 19, 1. After dealing with Spain 19-22, Livy resumes the Italian War.

intervalli, cf. 18, 10.

2. quae, sc. cunctatio: for ut ...ita cf. 50, 1.

sollicitum...habebat, 'kept him disturbed', cf. 8, 29, in.; with this use of the adj. as secondary predicate may be compared that of the passive participle, 4, 5, and exw in Greek, with part.; cf. Eur. Med. 33.

eum m. magistrum, 'such a general', 'military commander'; for is = talis ef. 39, 12; 2, 29, s. f. non id tempus esse: militiae magister was probably suggested by the Dictator's original title, magister populi, 2, 18, 4; cf. 25, 6. Hence perhaps arose his nickname of 'Hannibal's pedagogue', Plut. Fab. 5. Note ambiguity as to subject and object, as in famous line of Ennius, ap. Cic. Divin. 2, 56, about Pyrrhus, Aio te, Aeacida, Romanos vincere posse. ratione, &c. 'on principles of

D. L. II.

military science, not chance', cf. 39, 21; ib. 10.

3. armatos, &c., soldiers as well as civilians'; cf. 39, 7; 3, 50, m.; 4, 10, f.; see also Cicero's comments on his own line Cedant arma togae, concedat laurea laudi (In L. Pisonem 30), where he describes the toga as pacis insigne et otii, arma as tumultus atque belli (insigne); the toga was the garb of peace, the sagum of war, cf. 26, 1; Epit. 72, 73; Virg. A. 1, 282; Hor. O. 3, 5, 10; Iuv. 10, 8; but the toga was occasionally worn also by military men, 54, 1: for pariter cf. 4, 6; 15, 1. Compare also 21, 18, 13 with Dio 55, 10 ràs xeîρας ὑπὸ τὸ ἱμάτιον ὑπέβαλε καὶ ὑπτιάσας αὐτὰς ἔφη κ.τ.λ.

utique, especially', cf. 7, 11; 21, 54, 9; utique postquam again occurs 6, 20, in.; 23, 18, m.

laeto, &c., 'with a result which it would be more correct for me to describe as joyful rather than successful', because a trifling advantage might produce joy, especially when from the rashness of Minucius only defeat was to be expected; but as the loss

7

eventu pugnatum fuerat./ Accesserant duae res ad 4 augendam invidiam dictatoris, una fraude ac dolo Hannibalis, quod, quum a perfugis ei monstratus ager dictatoris esset, omnibus circa solo aequatis ab uno eo ferrum ignemque et vim omnem hostium

on either side was almost balanced (24, 14) the result could not be called prosperus.

verius, cf. 19, 11: for the hypothetical subjunctive = a modest assertion in 1st pers. sing. perf. cf. Rob. 1540; so censuerim, concesserim, opposuerim, ausim (=ausi-sim): laeto verius is due to Gron., for laetoneprius of P.

omnibus (cf. 21, 43, 7; 58, 8), 'while all things surrounding it were levelled to the ground', i.e. houses, villages, &c.: on the adjectival use of circa cf. 21, 7, 5. The model for such expressions was the Greek idiom, ¿ Tép TÓTOS (Plat. Timaeus 62, E), ʼn Kúкλ xúpa (Xen. An. 3, 5, 14): as the Latin had no article, the adv. was first of all simply inserted between the adj.

pugnatum fuerat, as recorded in the next chapter: postquam with pluperf. implies an interval and subst., as omnium circa poof some time elapsing between what is stated in the principal and subordinate sentences; Rob. 1491: cf. 48, 4; 21, 20, 9; for fueram eram cf. 36, 8; 21, 3, 2; but sometimes it is joined to the participle to express a continuous state now no longer existing, cf. 24, 2; 54, 1.

4. invidiam, unpopularity' (cf. 22, 18), lit. 'odium against the Dictator', dictatoris being objective genitive. Madv. 283. una, sc. res, corresponding to altera, § 5.

fraude ac dolo, so 1, 53, 4. perfugis, 'deserters', i. e. from among the Italian allies, who left the Roman camp; cf. 28, 1; 30, 16, 10; ib. 43, f.; transfuga is used otherwise in 22, 7; 21, 12, 4, but is frequently synonymous, cf. Tac. G. 12; Hor. O. 3, 16, 23. The distinction usually made is that perfuga has reference to the place which he seeks, transfuga to that which he leaves, like ἀποστάτης = αὐτό μολος. Cf. 43, 5.

pulorum 1, 59, 9; afterwards the adj. became a subst. and the insertion ceased, as here. Cf. Nägelsb. 232. For a strange use of the phrase solo aequare, cf. 6, 18, f. Cf. Zon. 8, 26 rà èv Kaμπανίᾳ χωρία αὐτοῦ οὐκ ἐδῄωσαν.

eo, sc. agro: uno eo for eo uno is rare, but cf. Val. Max. 7, 3, 8; in like manner we find unus hic, unus ille, Ter. And. 1, 5, 46; Cic. Har. Resp. 7, m.

ferrum ignemque, our idiom is 'fire and sword', which the Latin regularly reverses, cf. 1, 59, 1; the phrase igni ferroque 35, 21, f. is rare. Hannibal posted sentries to guard Fabius' property from injury; Plut. Fab. 7. Coriolanus acted in the same way with regard to the patricians 2, 39, 6, Archidamus in the case of Pericles, Iust. 3, 7; Thuc. 2, 13 (but cf. Grote H. G. 4, 253), and Cerealis in that of Civilis, Tac. H. 5, 23.

omnem, late MSS., omnium P. hostium: Müll. and Wfl. after Crévier read hostilem.

5 abstineri iussit, ut occulti alicuius pacti ea merces videri posset, altera ipsius facto, primo forsitan dubio, quia non exspectata in eo senatus auctoritas est, ad extremum haud ambigue in maximam laudem verso. 6 In permutandis captivis, quod sic primo Punico bello factum erat, convenerat inter duces Romanum Poenumque, ut, quae pars plus reciperet quam daret, argenti pondo bina et selibras in militem praestaret.